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PHRP : Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives

OPEN ACCESS. pISSN: 2210-9099. eISSN: 2233-6052

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"Vaccines"

Review Article

Bridging innovation and policy: comparative pathways of national vaccine development in low- and middle-income countries
Vahid Marandi
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2025;16(5):425-436.
Published online September 17, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2025.0208
Bridging innovation and policy: comparative pathways of national vaccine development in low- and middle-income countries
Objectives
To examine how national innovation and policy configurations enabled vaccine development in Brazil, Cuba, India, and Iran, and to distil lessons for low- and middle-income country (LMIC) vaccine sovereignty.
Methods
Narrative review of peer-reviewed and grey literature (2020–2023), guided by a structured search and screening approach; synthesis mapped to national and sectoral innovation system perspectives and technology readiness levels.
Results
Cuba and Iran leveraged mission-oriented public research and development (R&D) and domestic platforms; India combined indigenous R&D with large-scale licensed manufacturing; Brazil’s scientific capacity was constrained by fragmented governance and supply-chain dependence. Adaptive regulation (e.g., emergency use authorization/conditional approvals), targeted technology transfer, and South–South partnerships accelerated progress but raised longer-term questions about intellectual property (IP) control and economic sustainability.
Conclusion
Institutional coherence, strategic IP management, and regional manufacturing alliances are as critical as scientific capacity for LMIC vaccine self-reliance. Policy priorities include pre-negotiated tech-transfer frameworks, regulatory preparedness, and investment in public R&D linked to distributed manufacturing.

Citations

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  • Next-Generation Vaccines Leveraging T Cell-Centric Design, Mucosal Immunity, and Trained Innate Immunity for Respiratory and Enteric Pathogens
    Md. Abdus Salam, Md. Yusuf Al-Amin, Kasireddy Sudarshan, Aidan Lynch, Victor Reyes, Madeline Stevenson
    Vaccines.2026; 14(5): 462.     CrossRef
  • From Global Insights to Local Action: Bridging Vaccine Design and Manufacturing Gaps in H5N1 Pandemic Readiness
    María Alicia Delfino, Jimena Borgo, Luciano Chaneton, Natacha Cerny, Augusto Ernesto Bivona, Pierre Gsell, Fernando Lobos, Ike James, Martin Friede, German Sánchez Alberti, Andrés Sánchez Alberti
    Vaccines.2026; 14(6): 519.     CrossRef
  • 4,062 View
  • 187 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Original Article

Design and evaluation of a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against human norovirus using an immunoinformatics approach
Zxcy L. Nonog, Edward C. Banico, Ma. Easter V. Sajo, Pablo V. Serrano, Fredmoore L. Orosco
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2025;16(3):236-251.
Published online April 25, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2024.0349
Design and evaluation of a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against human norovirus using an immunoinformatics approach
Objectives
This study aimed to identify safe, conserved, and highly immunogenic epitopes from all proteins of human-infecting norovirus (NoV) and to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine construct from these epitopes using an immunoinformatics approach. Additionally, the vaccine construct was evaluated using both sequence- and structure-based assessments.
Methods
Conserved fragments were identified from all proteins of human-infecting NoV, and B and T lymphocyte epitopes were subsequently predicted using multiple epitope prediction tools. The selected epitopes were linked to form a multi-epitope construct, incorporating various adjuvants in the design. Vaccine constructs with different adjuvants were analyzed for their physicochemical properties and immune simulation profiles, and the optimal combination was selected as the final vaccine candidate for further study. Finally, molecular docking and dynamics simulations were performed to visualize the interaction between the construct and a host immune receptor.
Results
Twenty-two safe, conserved, and highly immunogenic epitopes were identified from all human-infecting NoV proteins. The construct adjuvanted with 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12 (50SrpL7/L12) was chosen as the final vaccine candidate due to its optimal physicochemical properties and favorable immune simulation profile. Furthermore, the construct exhibited high binding affinity and a stable interaction with toll-like receptor 4).
Conclusion
The multi-epitope subunit vaccine designed in this study shows promise as a potential NoV vaccine candidate for human immunization. Further in vitro and in vivo experiments are warranted to validate these findings.

Citations

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  • A multi-epitope pan-betacoronavirus vaccine construct predicted to induce broad-spectrum and durable immune responses: an immunoinformatics approach
    Anabella Margareth Arapa, Trina Ekawati Tallei, Rinaldi Idroes, Fatimawali, Elly Juliana Suoth, Maghfirah Savitri, Ahmad Akroman Adam, Beivy Jonathan Kolondam, Chika Yamada, Rosy Iara Maciel de Azambuja Ribeiro, Amama Rani, Moon Nyeo Park, Youdiil Ophinn
    Frontiers in Bioinformatics.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • A Multi-Domain Approach for Designing of Novel Epitopes-Based Vaccine Against Chandipura Virus
    Alhanouf I. Al-Harbi, Raed Amer Ali Alsahoo, Asad Ullah, Sajjad Ahmad
    Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Immunoinformatics-based design of artificial chimeric proteins as universal vaccine candidates against foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A, O, and SAT2
    Alyaa Elrashedy, Mohamed Nayel, Akram Salama, Ahmed Zaghawa, Mohamed E. Hasan
    Scientific Reports.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 5,149 View
  • 133 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Review Article

Comparison and consideration of vaccine injury compensation programs in the Republic of Korea, Japan, and Taiwan
Cho Ryok Kang, Young June Choe, Jihyun Moon, Dooyoung Kim, Taemi Kim, Jong-Koo Lee
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2024;15(6):479-488.
Published online November 12, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2024.0129
Comparison and consideration of vaccine injury compensation programs in the Republic of Korea, Japan, and Taiwan
This study aimed to establish a foundation for future collaborations aimed at preparing for and responding to infectious diseases by examining the vaccine injury compensation programs (VICPs) of East Asian countries. We reviewed the current status of VICPs in the Republic of Korea, Japan, and Taiwan by searching national government websites and reviewing relevant literature. Additionally, we conducted email inquiries targeting experts from Japan and Taiwan. Through the comprehensive analysis of VICPs in these 3 countries covered various aspects, we identified several similarities and differences in the VICPs across these countries. While the governments of the Republic of Korea, Japan, and Taiwan play a central role in supporting investigations into vaccine injuries and managing compensation procedures based on legal statutes, they differ in terms of financial resources for compensation, the range of vaccines covered, and the criteria for assessing causality. In the Republic of Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, compensation is typically paid in a lump sum, although the specific benefits available vary by country. This study on VICPs in the Republic of Korea, Japan, and Taiwan provides valuable insights for the further development and management of domestic systems.

Citations

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  • Local Vaccine Manufacturing in Saudi Arabia: Examining the Role of National Legal Frameworks and Strategic Policies
    Tareq S. Alshammari
    Beijing Law Review.2025; 16(04): 2147.     CrossRef
  • 10,594 View
  • 119 Download
  • Crossref

Brief Report

Safety of the bivalent COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccination among persons aged over 18 years in the Republic of Korea
Seok-Kyoung Choi, Seontae Kim, Mijeong Ko, Yeseul Heo, Tae Eun Kim, Yeonkyeong Lee, Juyeon Jang, Eunok Bahng
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2024;15(6):542-549.
Published online October 29, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2024.0194
Safety of the bivalent COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccination among persons aged over 18 years in the Republic of Korea
Objectives
The aim of this study was to disseminate information about the safety of bivalent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA booster vaccines administered to adults in the Republic of Korea.
Methods
Two databases were used to assess the safety of COVID-19 booster doses of Pfizer BA.1, Pfizer BA.4/5, Moderna BA.1, and Moderna BA.4/5 vaccines for adults aged 18 years and older. Adverse events (AEs) were analyzed using data reported to the web-based COVID-19 vaccination management system (CVMS) and a self-reported text-message survey.
Results
Between October 11, 2022 and March 30, 2023, the CVMS received reports of 2,369 (93.7%) non-serious AEs from vaccinated adults, along with 158 (6.3%) serious AEs, which included 5 cases of anaphylaxis and 33 deaths. From October 11, 2022 to January 27, 2023, 40,022 people aged 18 and older responded to a survey conducted via text message. The booster doses were associated with fewer local and systemic AEs compared to the original vaccines. After receiving the bivalent vaccine, the most commonly reported AEs were pain at the injection site, headache, fatigue, and myalgia.
Conclusion
Overall, bivalent vaccines exhibited fewer AEs compared to the original vaccines. The majority of AEs were non-serious, and serious AEs were rare among adults aged 18 years and older following vaccination with the Pfizer and Moderna bivalent vaccines.

Citations

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  • Cross-neutralizing antibody responses among individuals with or without bivalent vaccine: a six-month prospective cohort study
    Hye Hee Cha, Ji Yeun Kim, Seung Beom Kim, Junho Cha, Ji-Soo Kwon, Woori Kim, Ju Yeon Son, Choi Young Jang, Min-Chul Kim, So Yun Lim, Sung-Han Kim
    The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2026; 41(3): 516.     CrossRef
  • Safety of COVID-19 mRNA-1273 booster doses in Asian populations: A literature review of post-marketing observational studies
    Chris Clarke, Daina Esposito, Veronica Urdaneta, Piyali Mukherjee, Amanda K. Buttery
    Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 3,214 View
  • 73 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Original Articles

Methodology of comparative studies on the relative effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review
Erdenetuya Bolormaa, Jiae Shim, Young-Sook Choi, Donghyok Kwon, Young June Choe, Seung-Ah Choe
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2024;15(5):395-408.
Published online October 15, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2024.0063
Methodology of comparative studies on the relative effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review
Objectives
This study aimed to comprehensively outline the methodological approaches used in published research comparing the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines.
Methods
A systematic search was conducted on June 13, 2024, to identify comparative studies evaluating the effectiveness of mRNA versus non-mRNA and monovalent versus bivalent COVID-19 vaccines. We screened titles, abstracts, and full texts, collecting data on publication year, country, sample size, study population composition, study design, VE estimates, outcomes, and covariates. Studies that reported relative VE (rVE) were analyzed separately from those that did not.
Results
We identified 25 articles comparing rVE between mRNA and non-mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, as well as between monovalent and bivalent formulations. Among the studies assessing VE by vaccine type, 126 did not provide rVE estimates. Comparative VE studies frequently employed retrospective cohort designs. Among the definitions of rVE used, the most common were hazard ratio and absolute VE, calculated as (1−odds ratio)×100. Studies were most frequently conducted in the United Kingdom and the United States, and the most common outcome was infection. Most targeted the general population and assessed the VE of mRNA vaccines using the AstraZeneca vaccine as a reference. A small proportion, 7.3% (n=11), did not adjust for any variables. Only 3 studies (2.0%) adjusted for all core confounding variables recommended by the World Health Organization.
Conclusion
Few comparative studies of COVID-19 vaccines have incorporated rVE methodologies. Reporting rVE and employing a consistent set of covariates can broaden our understanding of COVID-19 vaccines.
  • 8,193 View
  • 86 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
Comparative safety of monovalent and bivalent mRNA COVID-19 booster vaccines in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in the Republic of Korea
Mijeong Ko, Seontae Kim, Seok-Kyoung Choi, Seung Hwan Shin, Yeon-Kyeng Lee, Yunhyung Kwon
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2024;15(4):364-374.
Published online July 9, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2024.0081
Comparative safety of monovalent and bivalent mRNA COVID-19 booster vaccines in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in the Republic of Korea
Objectives
This study analyzed the safety of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) bivalent and monovalent booster vaccines, including the frequency of adverse events (AEs) such as myocarditis and pericarditis, in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in the Republic of Korea. We aimed to share the safety profile of the COVID-19 bivalent vaccine booster doses.
Methods
We analyzed the frequencies of AEs reported to the COVID-19 vaccination management system (CVMS) or self-reported through the text message survey (TMS). Diagnostic eligibility and causality with vaccines were compared using odds ratios (ORs) by vaccine type, and incidence rates per 100,000 person-days were calculated for confirmed cases of myocarditis and pericarditis following monovalent and bivalent booster doses.
Results
In the CVMS, the AE reporting rate (per 100,000 doses) was lower after the bivalent booster (66.5) than after the monovalent booster (264.6). Among the AEs reported for both monovalent and bivalent vaccines 98.3% were non-serious and 1.7% were serious. According to the TMS, both local and systemic AEs were reported less frequently after the bivalent vaccination than after the monovalent vaccination in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (p<0.001). The incidence rates per 100,000 person-days for confirmed myocarditis/pericarditis following monovalent and bivalent booster doses were 0.03 and 0.05, respectively; this difference was not statistically significant (OR, 1.797; 95% confidence interval, 0.210–15.386).
Conclusion
AEs in 12- to 17-year-olds following the bivalent booster were less frequent than those following the monovalent booster in the Republic of Korea, and no major safety issues were identified. However, the reporting rates for AEs were low.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Health-related quality of life in adolescents with myocarditis and pericarditis after BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination: Korean national surveillance
    Yoonsun Yoon, Myung-Jae Hwang, Seung Hwan Shin, HyoSug Choi, Sara Na, Sangshin Park, Jue Seong Lee, Young June Choe, Hyun Mi Kang, Bin Ahn, Jong Hee Kim, Kyoungsan Seo
    European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing.2025; 24(5): 713.     CrossRef
  • Updated Evidence for Covid-19, RSV, and Influenza Vaccines for 2025–2026
    Jake Scott, Michael S. Abers, Harleen K. Marwah, Nicole C. McCann, Eric A. Meyerowitz, Aaron Richterman, Derek F. Fleming, Elise J. Holmes, Leah E. Moat, Sydney G. Redepenning, Emily A. Smith, Clare J. Stoddart, Maria E. Sundaram, Angela K. Ulrich, Christ
    New England Journal of Medicine.2025; 393(22): 2221.     CrossRef
  • Tozinameran

    Reactions Weekly.2024; 2029(1): 605.     CrossRef
  • 5,430 View
  • 94 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Special Article

The COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center: a cornerstone for strengthening safety evidence for COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Korea
Na-Young Jeong, Hyesook Park, Sanghoon Oh, Seung Eun Jung, Dong-Hyun Kim, Hyoung-Shik Shin, Hee Chul Han, Jong-Koo Lee, Jun Hee Woo, Jaehun Jung, Joongyub Lee, Ju-Young Shin, Sun-Young Jung, Byung-Joo Park, Nam-Kyong Choi
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2024;15(2):97-106.
Published online April 4, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0343
The COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center:  a cornerstone for strengthening safety evidence for COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Korea
The COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Committee (CoVaSC) was established in November 2021 to address the growing need for independent, in-depth scientific evidence on adverse events (AEs) following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination. This initiative was requested by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency and led by the National Academy of Medicine of Korea. In September 2022, the COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center was established, strengthening CoVaSC’s initiatives. The center has conducted various studies on the safety of COVID-19 vaccines. During CoVaSC’s second research year, from September 29, 2022 to July 19, 2023, the center was restructured into 4 departments: Epidemiological Research, Clinical Research, Communication & Education, and International Cooperation & Policy Research. Its main activities include (1) managing CoVaSC and the COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center, (2) surveying domestic and international trends in AE causality investigation, (3) assessing AEs following COVID-19 vaccination, (4) fostering international collaboration and policy research, and (5) organizing regular fora and training sessions for the public and clinicians. Causality assessments have been conducted for 27 diseases, and independent research has been conducted after organizing ad hoc committees comprising both epidemiologists and clinical experts on each AE of interest. The research process included protocol development, data analysis, interpretation of results, and causality assessment. These research outcomes have been shared transparently with the public and healthcare experts through various fora. The COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center plans to continue strengthening and expanding its research activities to provide reliable, high-quality safety information to the public.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Active Surveillance for COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Using Sequential Analysis in Korea: Population-Based Retrospective Observational Study
    Na-Young Jeong, Haerin Cho, Heehyun Won, Suvin Park, Joongyub Lee, Hyesook Park, Nam-Kyong Choi
    JMIR Public Health and Surveillance.2026; 12: e75094.     CrossRef
  • Risk of new-onset polymyalgia rheumatica following COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea: a self-controlled case-series study
    Jieun Woo, Mu Kyung Kim, HyunJoo Lim, Ju Hwan Kim, Hyunah Jung, Hyoun-Ah Kim, Ju-Young Shin
    RMD Open.2025; 11(2): e005138.     CrossRef
  • SARS-CoV-2-Vaccine-Related Endocrine Disorders: An Updated Narrative Review
    Avraham Ishay, Kira Oleinikov, Elena Chertok Shacham
    Vaccines.2024; 12(7): 750.     CrossRef
  • Active Surveillance for Safety Monitoring of XBB.1.5-Containing COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines in Korea
    Bomi Park, Hye Ah Lee, Yeonjae Kim, Chung Ho Kim, Hyunjin Park, Seunghee Jun, Hyelim Lee, Seunghyun Lewis Kwon, Yesul Heo, Hyungmin Lee, Hyesook Park
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 7,424 View
  • 156 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Review Article

Psychiatric adverse events associated with the COVID-19 vaccines approved in the Republic of Korea: a systematic review
Seungeun Ryoo, Miyoung Choi, Nam-Kyong Choi, Hyoung-Shik Shin, Jun Hee Woo, Byung-Joo Park, Sanghoon Oh
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2024;15(2):107-114.
Published online March 28, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0325
Psychiatric adverse events associated with the COVID-19 vaccines approved in the Republic of Korea:  a systematic review
This systematic review evaluated psychiatric adverse events (AEs) following vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We included studies that reported or investigated psychiatric AEs in individuals who had received an approved COVID-19 vaccine in the Republic of Korea. Systematic electronic searches of Ovid-Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, and KoreaMed databases were conducted on March 22, 2023. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Non-randomized Studies 2.0. The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42023449422). Of the 301 articles initially selected, 7 were included in the final analysis. All studies reported on sleep disturbances, and 2 highlighted anxiety-related AEs. Sleep disorders like insomnia and narcolepsy were the most prevalent AEs, while depression was not reported. Our review suggests that these AEs may have been influenced by biological mechanisms as well as the broader psychosocial context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although this study had limitations, such as a primary focus on the BNT162b2 vaccine and an observational study design, it offered a systematic, multi-vaccine analysis that fills a critical gap in the existing literature. This review underscores the need for continued surveillance of psychiatric AEs and guides future research to investigate underlying mechanisms, identify risk factors, and inform clinical management.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Risk of anxiety disorders and insomnia following COVID-19 vaccination
    Haerin Cho, Joon Hyung Jung, Hwoyeon Seo, Won Chul Shin, Jung-Ick Byun, Suvin Park, Na-Young Jeong, Sanghoon Oh, Nam-Kyong Choi
    Journal of Psychiatric Research.2026; 192: 109.     CrossRef
  • A review of the scientific literature on experimental toxicity studies of COVID-19 vaccines, with special attention to publications in toxicology journals
    Jose L. Domingo
    Archives of Toxicology.2024; 98(11): 3603.     CrossRef
  • 23,253 View
  • 196 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Original Articles

COVID-19 infection among people with disabilities in 2021 prior to the Omicron-dominant period in the Republic of Korea: a cross-sectional study
Objectives
This study investigated the characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among individuals with disabilities on a nationwide scale in the Republic of Korea, as limited research has examined this population. Methods: Between January 1 and November 30, 2021, a total of 5,687 confirmed COVID-19 cases among individuals with disabilities were reported through the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency’s COVID-19 web reporting system. Follow-up continued until December 24, and demographic, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics were analyzed. Results: Individuals with disabilities represented approximately 1.5% of confirmed cases, with a mean age of 58.1 years. Most resided in or near metropolitan areas (86.6%) and were male (60.6%). Frequent sources of infection included home (33.4%) and contact with confirmed cases (40.7%). Many individuals (75.9%) had underlying conditions, and 7.7% of cases were severe. People with disabilities showed significantly elevated risk of severe infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.47–1.81) and mortality (aOR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.43–1.91). Vaccination against COVID-19 was associated with significantly lower risk of severe infection (aORs for the first, second, and third doses: 0.60 [95% CI, 0.42–0.85], 0.28 [95% CI, 0.22–0.35], and 0.16 [95% CI, 0.05–0.51], respectively) and death (adjusted hazard ratios for the first and second doses: 0.57 [95% CI, 0.35–0.93] and 0.30 [95% CI, 0.23–0.40], respectively). Conclusion: Individuals with disabilities showed higher risk of severe infection and mortality from COVID-19. Consequently, it is critical to strengthen COVID-19 vaccination initiatives and provide socioeconomic assistance for this vulnerable population.
  • 3,819 View
  • 78 Download
Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in different high-risk facility types during a period of Delta variant dominance in the Republic of Korea: a cross-sectional study
Min Jei Lee, Myung-Jae Hwang, Dong Seob Kim, Seon Kyeong Park, Jihyun Choi, Ji Joo Lee, Jong Mu Kim, Young-Man Kim, Young-Joon Park, Jin Gwack, Sang-Eun Lee
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023;14(5):418-426.
Published online October 19, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0188
Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in different high-risk facility types during a period of Delta variant dominance in the Republic of Korea: a cross-sectional study
Objectives
We evaluated the effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination in high-risk facilities in the Republic of Korea during the period when the highly transmissible Delta variant was prevalent. Additionally, we aimed to explore any disparities in vaccine effectiveness (VE) across various types of institutions, specifically distinguishing between non-medical and medical establishments. Methods: We examined 8 outbreak clusters covering 243 cases and 895 contacts from 8 high-risk facilities divided into 2 groups: group A (4 non-medical institutions) and group B (4 medical institutions). These clusters were observed from July 27, 2021 to October 16, 2021 for the attack rate (AR) and VE with respect to disease severity. A generalized linear model with a binomial distribution was used to determine the odds ratio (OR) for disease severity and death. Results: AR was notably lower in group B (medical institutions). Furthermore, VE analysis revealed that group A exhibited higher effectivity for disease severity and death than group B. The OR for disease severity was 0.24 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.03–2.16) for group A and 0.27 (95% CI, 0.12–0.64) for group B, with the OR for death at 0.12 (95% CI, 0.01–1.32) in group A and 0.34 (95% CI, 0.14–0.87) in group B. Conclusion: Although VE may vary across institutions, our findings underscore the importance of implementing vaccinations in high-risk facilities. Customized vaccination programs, tailored response plans, and competent management personnel are essential for effectively addressing and mitigating public health challenges.
  • 4,728 View
  • 79 Download

Brief Report

JYNNEOS vaccine safety monitoring in the Republic of Korea, 2022: a cross-sectional study
Jaeeun Lee, Seunghyun Lewis Kwon, Jinhee Park, Hyuna Bae, Hyerim Lee, Geun-Yong Kwon
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023;14(5):433-438.
Published online October 18, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0182
JYNNEOS vaccine safety monitoring in the Republic of Korea, 2022: a cross-sectional study
Objectives
With the recent global mpox outbreak, the JYNNEOS vaccine (Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic) was developed as a third-generation smallpox vaccine and initially favored for mpox immunization. Vaccine-associated side effects contribute to vaccine hesitancy. Consequently, tracking adverse events post-immunization is crucial for safety management. This study used data from the national active vaccine safety surveillance conducted in Korea from August 25 to November 24, 2022 to detect potential safety signals and adverse events. Methods: Data on health conditions following vaccination were gathered from web-based surveys and reported via active surveillance through the Immunization Registry Information System. This follow-up system functioned via a text message link, surveying adverse events and health conditions beginning on the second day post-vaccination. Information about specific adverse events, including both local and systemic reactions, was collected. Results: The study included 86 healthcare workers who had received at least 1 dose of the JYNNEOS vaccine. Among the respondents, 79.1% reported experiencing at least 1 adverse event, with the majority being local reactions at the injection site. The incidence of adverse events was higher following the first dose (67.9%) than after the second dose (34.4%). The most frequently reported adverse event for both doses was mild pain at the injection site. Conclusion: The study provides crucial information on the safety of the JYNNEOS vaccine, demonstrating that most adverse events were manageable and predominantly localized to the injection site. Nonetheless, additional research is needed on the safety of various vaccine administration techniques and the vaccine’s effects on broader demographics.

Citations

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  • Enhanced Immunogenicity and Affinity with A35R-Fc-Based Chimeric Protein Compared to MPXV A35R Protein
    Shimeng Bai, Yanxin Cui, Qibin Liao, Hongyang Yi, Zhonghui Liao, Gengwei Zhang, Fenfang Wu, Hongzhou Lu
    Viruses.2025; 17(1): 116.     CrossRef
  • The Role of Adverse Event Follow-Up in Advancing the Knowledge of Medicines and Vaccines Safety: A Scoping Review
    Vijay Kara, Florence Van Hunsel, Andrew Bate, Eugène van Puijenbroek
    Drug Safety.2025; 48(9): 977.     CrossRef
  • Potential of MRNA vaccines for mpox prevention: current evidence and future directions
    Toufik Abdul-Rahman, Ogungbemi Evelyn Faith, Oyinbolaji Akinwande Ajetunmobi, Hala Ibrahim Thaalibi, Chinelo Geraldine Ikele, Gargi Gautam, Faith Olanrewaju Omotayo, Poulami Roy, Alhazan Amir Adebayo, Muslimat Abolore Mojeed, Tolulope Taiwo Kareem, Halima
    Annals of Medicine & Surgery.2025; 87(9): 5650.     CrossRef
  • Adverse Reactions After Intradermal Vaccination With JYNNEOS for Mpox in Korea
    So Yun Lim, Yu Mi Jung, Yeonjae Kim, Gayeon Kim, Jaehyun Jeon, BumSik Chin, Min-Kyung Kim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • First Nationwide Mpox Vaccination Program in the Republic of Korea: Implications for an Enhanced Public Health Response
    Seunghyun Lewis Kwon, Minju Song, Wonkyung Lee, Jeeyeon Shin, Su-Yeon Lee, Sang-Gu Yeo, Minjeong Kim, Sanggyun Jeong, Joonku Park, Dongwoo Lee, Sookyoung Lim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Global perspectives on smallpox vaccine against monkeypox: a comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review of effectiveness, protection, safety and cross-immunogenicity
    Hao Liu, Wenjing Wang, Yang Zhang, Fuchun Wang, Junyi Duan, Tao Huang, Xiaojie Huang, Tong Zhang
    Emerging Microbes & Infections.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 4,707 View
  • 79 Download
  • 7 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Original Article

Prevalence and patterns of adverse events following childhood immunization and the responses of mothers in Ile-Ife, South West Nigeria: a facility-based cross-sectional survey
Olorunfemi Akinbode Ogundele, Funmito Omolola Fehintola, Mubarak Salami, Rahmat Usidebhofoh, Mary Aderemi Abaekere
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023;14(4):291-299.
Published online July 27, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0071
Prevalence and patterns of adverse events following childhood immunization and the responses of mothers in Ile-Ife, South West Nigeria: a facility-based cross-sectional survey
Objectives
This study aimed to examine the prevalence and pattern of adverse events following childhood immunization and the responses of mothers in Ile-Ife, South West Nigeria.
Methods
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 mothers of children aged 0 to 24 months attending any of the 3 leading immunization clinics in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The respondents were selected using the multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using a pretested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using IBM SPSS ver. 26.0. The chi-square test was used to test associations, while binary logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of mothers’ responses to adverse events following immunization (AEFIs). A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The mean age of the respondents was 29.99±5.74 years. About 38% of the children had experienced an AEFI. Most mothers believed that the pentavalent vaccine was the most common cause of AEFIs (67.5%). Fever (88.0%) and pain and swelling (76.0%) were the most common AEFIs. More than half of the mothers (53.7%) administered home treatment following an AEFI. Younger mothers (odds ratio [OR], 2.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–5.01), mothers who delivered their children at a healthcare facility (OR, 3.24; 95% CI, 1.08–9.69), and mothers who were knowledgeable about reporting AEFIs (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.04–7.70) were most likely to respond appropriately to AEFIs.
Conclusion
The proportion of mothers who responded poorly to AEFIs experienced by their children was significant. Therefore, strategies should be implemented to improve mothers’ knowledge about AEFIs to improve their responses.

Citations

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  • A comprehensive evaluation of the AEFI surveillance system in Ethiopia: An insight from a national study
    Admas Abera, Behailu Hawulte, Tesfaye Gobena, Lemma Demissie Regassa, Saba Hailu, Ahmed Mohammed, Berhanu Fikadie Endehabtu, Mulumebet Abera Wordofa, Keneni Gutema Negeri, Girma Taye, Michael Tarekegn, Binyam Tilahun, Mesoud Mohammed, Naod Wondirad, Kibro
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    Cristhian Camilo Martinez Torres, Diana Marcela Russy Roa
    Salud Javeriana.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Perception of healthcare administrators on the impediments of optimizing adverse events following immunization e-Reporting in Nigeria
    Grace Fubara Erekosima, Saheed Dipo Isiaka, Folake Oni, Ahmed Rufai Garba, Oluchi Bassey, Stephen Olabode Asaolu, Olugbemisola Wuraola Samuel, Genevieve Ozioko, Oluwafisayo Azeez Ayodeji, Euphemia Chigekwu Agomuo, Irene Odira Okoye, Sidney Sampson, Precio
    PLOS One.2025; 20(8): e0331093.     CrossRef
  • Advancing Immunization in Africa: Overcoming Challenges to Achieve the 2030 Global Immunization Targets
    Olalekan Okesanya, Gbolahan Olatunji, Noah Olaleke, Mba Mercy, Ayodele Ilesanmi, Hassan Kayode, Emery Manirambona, Mohamed Ahmed, Bonaventure Ukoaka, Don Lucero-Prisno III
    Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics.2024; Volume 15: 83.     CrossRef
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Brief Report

Temporal association between the age-specific incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in Republic of Korea: a nationwide time-series correlation study
Hyunju Lee, Donghyok Kwon, Seoncheol Park, Seung Ri Park, Darda Chung, Jongmok Ha
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023;14(3):224-231.
Published online June 22, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0050
Temporal association between the age-specific incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in Republic of Korea: a nationwide time-series correlation study
Objectives
The incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) changed significantly during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Emerging reports suggest that viral vector-based vaccines may be associated with an elevated risk of GBS.
Methods
In this nationwide time-series correlation study, we examined the age-specific incidence of GBS from January 2011 to August 2022, as well as data on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccinations and infections from February 2021 to August 2022. We compared the forecasted estimates of age-specific GBS incidence, using the pre-SARS-CoV-2 period as a benchmark, with the actual incidence observed during the post-vaccination period of the pandemic. Furthermore, we assessed the temporal association between GBS, SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations, and COVID-19 for different age groups.
Results
In the age group of 60 and older, the rate ratio was significantly elevated during June-August and November 2021. A significant, strong positive association was observed between viral vector-based vaccines and GBS incidence trends in this age group (r=0.52, p=0.022). For the 30 to 59 years age group, the rate ratio was notably high in September 2021. A statistically significant, strong positive association was found between mRNA-based vaccines and GBS incidence in this age group (r=0.61, p=0.006).
Conclusion
Viral vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were found to be temporally associated with an increased risk of GBS, particularly in older adults. To minimize age-specific and biological mechanism-specific adverse events, future vaccination campaigns should adopt a more personalized approach, such as recommending homologous mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for older adults to reduce the heightened risk of GBS.

Citations

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  • Assessing the Impact of Vaccination Strategies on COVID-19 Dynamics Via Time-varying Copulas
    Atina Ahdika, Muhammad Fakhruddin, Putu Veri Swastika
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  • mRNA-LNP COVID-19 Vaccine Lipids Induce Complement Activation and Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines: Mechanisms, Effects of Complement Inhibitors, and Relevance to Adverse Reactions
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  • Guillain–Barre syndrome following COVID-19 vaccination: a study of 70 case reports
    Biki Kumar Sah, Zahra Fatima, Rajan Kumar Sah, Bushra Syed, Tulika Garg, Selia Chowdhury, Bikona Ghosh, Binita Kunwar, Anagha Shree, Vivek Kumar Sah, Anisha Raut
    Annals of Medicine & Surgery.2024; 86(4): 2067.     CrossRef
  • Deciphering changes in the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A nationwide time-series correlation study
    Soo Hyeon Cho, Dong Kyu Kim, Min Cheol Song, Euiho Lee, Seoncheol Park, Darda Chung, Jongmok Ha, Sonu Bhaskar
    PLOS ONE.2024; 19(10): e0301313.     CrossRef
  • Before Diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination-Related Funicular Myelosis, GBS and Other Differentials Must be Ruled Out
    Josef Finsterer
    Neurology India.2024; 72(5): 1100.     CrossRef
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Original Article

The incidence and clinical characteristics of myocarditis and pericarditis following mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination in Republic of Korea adolescents from July 2021 to September 2022
Objectives
Age-specific information regarding myocarditis/pericarditis in adolescents following mRNA-based coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in Asia remains insufficient. This study investigated the incidence and clinical characteristics of myocarditis/pericarditis in Republic of Korea adolescents after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination.
Methods
This retrospective descriptive study utilized patient data from the Korea Immunization Management System. Incidence rates were calculated according to age and sex. Clinical characteristics (symptoms/signs, laboratory values, and imaging results) were compared between mild and severe cases.
Results
Between July 19, 2021 and September 30, 2022, 3,728,224 individuals aged 12 to 19 years received 6,484,165 mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, and 173 cases met the case definition for myocarditis/pericarditis: 151 mild (87.3%) and 22 severe (12.7%). The incidence was 3.8-fold higher in males than in females. Troponin I/ troponin T was elevated in 96% of myocarditis cases, demonstrating higher sensitivity than creatine kinase-myocardial band (67.6%) or C-reactive protein (75.2%). ST-segment or Twave on electrography abnormalities were found in 60.3% (85/141). Paroxysmal/sustained atrial/ventricular arrhythmias were more common in severe than in mild cases (45.5% vs. 16.8%, p=0.008). Edema on T2-weighted magnetic imaging occurred in 21.6% (8/37) and 62.5% (5/8) of mild and severe cases, respectively (p=0.03). Abnormal pericardial fluid collection or pericardial inflammation was found in 75.4% of pericarditis cases (49/65).
Conclusion
Myocarditis/pericarditis occurred in rare cases following mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination. Most cases were mild, but the incidence was higher in adolescent males and after the second dose. As bivalent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 mRNA vaccination started in Republic of Korea in October 2022, the post-vaccination incidence of myocarditis/pericarditis should be closely monitored, considering clinical characteristics.

Citations

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  • Factors associated with carditis adverse events following SARS-COV-2-19 vaccination
    Kyung Hyun Min, Jun Hyeob Kim, Jin Yeon Gil, Jun Hyuk Park, Ji Min Han, Kyung Eun Lee
    Epidemiology and Infection.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    János Szebeni
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    George Kassianos, Pauline MacDonald, Ivan Aloysius, Shanti Pather
    Vaccines.2024; 12(1): 57.     CrossRef
  • Comparative safety of monovalent and bivalent mRNA COVID-19 booster vaccines in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in the Republic of Korea
    Mijeong Ko, Seontae Kim, Seok-Kyoung Choi, Seung Hwan Shin, Yeon-Kyeng Lee, Yunhyung Kwon
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2024; 15(4): 364.     CrossRef
  • Epidemiological Characteristics and Outcome of Myocarditis and Pericarditis Temporally Associated With BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents: Korean National Surveillance
    Bin Ahn, Seung Hwan Shin, Myung-Jae Hwang, HyoSug Choi, Sara Na, Sangshin Park, Jue Seong Lee, Young June Choe, Yoonsun Yoon, Kyoungsan Seo, Jong Hee Kim, Hyun Mi Kang
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • To become a more stronger and safer country
    Jong-Koo Lee
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2023; 14(2): 67.     CrossRef
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  • Crossref

Special Article

A framework for nationwide COVID-19 vaccine safety research in the Republic of Korea: the COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Committee
Na-Young Jeong, Hyesook Park, Sanghoon Oh, Seung Eun Jung, Dong-Hyun Kim, Hyoung-Shik Shin, Hee Chul Han, Jong-Koo Lee, Jun Hee Woo, Byung-Joo Park, Nam-Kyong Choi
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023;14(1):5-14.
Published online February 28, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0026
A framework for nationwide COVID-19 vaccine safety research in the Republic of Korea: the COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Committee
With the introduction of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) commissioned the National Academy of Medicine of Korea to gather experts to independently assess post-vaccination adverse events. Accordingly, the COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Committee (CoVaSC) was launched in November 2021 to perform safety studies and establish evidence for policy guidance. The CoVaSC established 3 committees for epidemiology, clinical research, and communication. The CoVaSC mainly utilizes pseudonymized data linking KDCA’s COVID-19 vaccination data and the National Health Insurance Service’s claims data. The CoVaSC’s 5-step research process involves defining the target diseases and organizing ad-hoc committees, developing research protocols, performing analyses, assessing causal relationships, and announcing research findings and utilizing them to guide compensation policies. As of 2022, the CoVaSC completed this research process for 15 adverse events. The CoVaSC launched the COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center in September 2022 and has been reorganized into 4 divisions to promote research including international collaborative studies, long-/short-term follow-up studies, and education programs. Through these enhancements, the CoVaSC will continue to swiftly provide scientific evidence for COVID-19 vaccine research and compensation and may serve as a model for preparing for future epidemics of new diseases.

Citations

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  • Risk of anxiety disorders and insomnia following COVID-19 vaccination
    Haerin Cho, Joon Hyung Jung, Hwoyeon Seo, Won Chul Shin, Jung-Ick Byun, Suvin Park, Na-Young Jeong, Sanghoon Oh, Nam-Kyong Choi
    Journal of Psychiatric Research.2026; 192: 109.     CrossRef
  • Active Surveillance for COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Using Sequential Analysis in Korea: Population-Based Retrospective Observational Study
    Na-Young Jeong, Haerin Cho, Heehyun Won, Suvin Park, Joongyub Lee, Hyesook Park, Nam-Kyong Choi
    JMIR Public Health and Surveillance.2026; 12: e75094.     CrossRef
  • Risk of Kawasaki Disease/Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Following COVID-19 Vaccination in Korean Children: A Self-Controlled Case Series Study
    Suyeon Kim, Hwa Yeon Ko, Jeongin Oh, Dongwon Yoon, Ju Hwan Kim, Young June Choe, Ju-Young Shin
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The association between acute transverse myelitis and COVID‐19 vaccination in Korea: Self‐controlled case series study
    Eunsun Lim, Yoo Hwan Kim, Na‐Young Jeong, Su‐Hyun Kim, Heehyun Won, Jong‐Seok Bae, Nam‐Kyong Choi
    European Journal of Neurology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Sung Eun Kim, Joseph J. Noh, Yoo-Young Lee
    Obstetrics & Gynecology Science.2025; 68(2): 155.     CrossRef
  • Multilevel analysis of individual, household, and community factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination intention: evidence from the 2021 Korea Community Health Survey
    Ji-seon Seong, Jong-Yeon Kim
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2025; 16(2): 169.     CrossRef
  • Association between COVID-19 vaccination and first healthcare utilization for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A nationwide population-based cohort study
    Sang Hyuk Kim, Seung-Hun You, Ju Won Lee, Eunji Kim, Youlim Kim, Hyun Lee, Sun-Young Jung, Ji-Yong Moon
    Vaccine.2025; 61: 127367.     CrossRef
  • Evaluating Vaccine Safety Through the Vaccine Safety Datalink: A Comprehensive Review of Research Contributions
    Eunsun Lim, Na-Young Jeong, Heehyun Won, Nam-Kyong Choi
    Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2025; 50(2): 113.     CrossRef
  • COVID-19 vaccination and the risk of abnormal uterine bleeding: A nationwide self-controlled case series study
    Na-Young Jeong, SiHyun Cho, Eunsun Lim, Jung Ryeol Lee, Jae Yen Song, Joong Shin Park, Nam-Kyong Choi
    Vaccine.2025; 63: 127619.     CrossRef
  • Risk of new-onset seizures following immunization against COVID-19: a self-controlled case-series study
    Hwa Yeon Ko, Dongwon Yoon, Ju Hwan Kim, Han Eol Jeong, Seung Bong Hong, Won-Chul Shin, Ju-Young Shin
    Epidemiology and Health.2025; 47: e2025024.     CrossRef
  • Risk of encephalitis and meningitis after COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea: a self-controlled case series analysis
    Ju Hwan Kim, Dongwon Yoon, Hwa Yeon Ko, Kyungyeon Jung, Jun-Sang Sunwoo, Won Chul Shin, Jung-Ick Byun, Ju-Young Shin
    BMC Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center: a cornerstone for strengthening safety evidence for COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Korea
    Na-Young Jeong, Hyesook Park, Sanghoon Oh, Seung Eun Jung, Dong-Hyun Kim, Hyoung-Shik Shin, Hee Chul Han, Jong-Koo Lee, Jun Hee Woo, Jaehun Jung, Joongyub Lee, Ju-Young Shin, Sun-Young Jung, Byung-Joo Park, Nam-Kyong Choi
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2024; 15(2): 97.     CrossRef
  • A Causality Assessment Framework for COVID-19 Vaccines and Adverse Events at the COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center
    Seyoung Kim, Jeong Ah Kim, Hyesook Park, Sohee Park, Sanghoon Oh, Seung Eun Jung, Hyoung-Shik Shin, Jong Koo Lee, Hee Chul Han, Jun Hee Woo, Byung-Joo Park, Nam-Kyong Choi, Dong-Hyun Kim
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    Jong-Koo Lee
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    Mi-Sook Kim, Bongyoung Kim, Jeong Pil Choi, Nam-Kyong Choi, Jung Yeon Heo, Jun Yong Choi, Joongyub Lee, Sang Il Kim
    Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023090.     CrossRef
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Brief Reports

Adverse events of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in Korean children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years
Seontae Kim, Yeseul Heo, Soon-Young Seo, Do Sang Lim, Enhi Cho, Yeon-Kyeng Lee
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022;13(5):382-390.
Published online October 14, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0233
Objectives
This study aimed to identify potential safety signals and adverse events following the primary Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination series among children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years in the Republic of Korea. Methods: Adverse events reported through the COVID-19 vaccination management system (CVMS, a web-based passive vaccine safety surveillance system) and adverse events and health conditions collected from a text message-based survey were analyzed. Results: A total of 14,786 adverse events among 5 to 17-year-old children and adolescents were reported in the CVMS; 14,334 (96.9%) were non-serious and 452 (3.1%) were serious, including 125 suspected cases of acute cardiovascular injury and 101 suspected cases of anaphylaxis. The overall reporting rate was lower in 5 to 11-year-old children (64.5 per 100,000 doses) than in 12 to 17-year-old adolescents (300.5 per 100,000 doses). The text message survey identified that local and systemic adverse events after either dose were reported less frequently in 5 to 11-year-old children than in 12 to 17-year-old adolescents (p<0.001). The most commonly reported adverse events were pain at the injection site, myalgia, headache, and fatigue/tiredness. Conclusion: The overall results are consistent with the results of controlled trials; serious adverse events were extremely rare among 5 to 17-year-old children and adolescents following Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination. Adverse events were less frequent in children aged 5 to 11 years than in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years.

Citations

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  • Post vaccination acute kidney injury and other renal complications after COVID-19 and influenza vaccination
    Yunn Honey Aye Kyaw, Pierre Yip, Kay Choong See
    World Journal of Nephrology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Jonathan Lambo, Sirving Keli, Shaheen Khan Kaplan, Temiloluwa Njideaka-Kevin, Sireesha Bala Arja, Alaa Khedir Omer Altahir, Itunu Olonade, Rohit Kumar
    Infectious Diseases.2025; 57(2): 137.     CrossRef
  • Myocarditis and Pericarditis are Temporally Associated with BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
    Yongyeon Choi, Jue Seong Lee, Young June Choe, Hyeran Lee, Yoonsun Yoon, Seung Hwan Shin, Myung-Jae Hwang, HyoSug Choi, Sara Na, Jong Hee Kim, Hyun Mi Kang, Bin Ahn, Kyoungsan Seo, Sangshin Park
    Pediatric Cardiology.2025; 46(8): 2193.     CrossRef
  • mRNA COVID-19 vaccine safety among children and adolescents: a Canadian National Vaccine Safety Network cohort study
    Phyumar Soe, Otto G. Vanderkooi, Manish Sadarangani, Monika Naus, Matthew P. Muller, James D. Kellner, Karina A. Top, Hubert Wong, Jennifer E. Isenor, Kimberly Marty, Hennady P. Shulha, Gaston De Serres, Louis Valiquette, Allison McGeer, Julie A. Bettinge
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    Seok-Kyoung Choi, Seontae Kim, Mijeong Ko, Yeseul Heo, Tae Eun Kim, Yeonkyeong Lee, Juyeon Jang, Eunok Bahng
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2024; 15(6): 542.     CrossRef
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    Yeon-Kyeng Lee, Yunhyung Kwon, Yesul Heo, Eun Kyoung Kim, Seung Yun Kim, Hoon Cho, Seontae Kim, Mijeong Ko, Dosang Lim, Soon-Young Seo, Enhi Cho
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    Sumayyah Ebrahim, Ntombifuthi Blose, Natasha Gloeck, Ameer Hohlfeld, Yusentha Balakrishna, Rudzani Muloiwa, Andy Gray, Andy Parrish, Karen Cohen, Ruth Lancaster, Tamara Kredo, Julia Robinson
    PLOS Global Public Health.2023; 3(12): e0002676.     CrossRef
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Presumed population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in South Korea, April 2022
Eun Jung Jang, Young June Choe, Seung Ah Choe, Yoo-Yeon Kim, Ryu Kyung Kim, Jia Kim, Do Sang Lim, Ju Hee Lee, Seonju Yi, Sangwon Lee, Young-Joon Park
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022;13(5):377-381.
Published online October 14, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0209
Presumed population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in South Korea, April 2022
Objectives
We estimated the overall and age-specific percentages of the Korean population with presumed immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) as of April 2022 using the national registry.
Methods
We used the national coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and vaccination registry from South Korea, as described to define individuals with a previous history of COVID-19 infection, vaccination, or both, as persons with presumed immunity.
Results
Of a total of 53,304,627 observed persons, 24.4% had vaccination and infection, 58.1% had vaccination and no infection, 7.6% had infection and no vaccination, and 9.9% had no immunity. The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant emerged at a time when the presumed population immunity ranged from 80% to 85%; however, nearly half of the children were presumed to have no immunity.
Conclusion
We report a gap in population immunity, with lower presumed protection in children than in adults. The approach presented in this work can provide valuable informed tools to assist vaccine policy-making at a national level.

Citations

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  • Realistic Estimation of COVID-19 Infection by Seroprevalence Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies: An Experience From Korea Metropolitan Area From January to May 2022
    In Hwa Jeong, Jong-Hun Kim, Min-Jung Kwon, Jayoung Kim, Hee Jin Huh, Byoungguk Kim, Junewoo Lee, Jeong-hyun Nam, Eun-Suk Kang
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    JiWoo Sim, Euncheol Son, Young June Choe
    Pediatric Infection & Vaccine.2024; 31(1): 94.     CrossRef
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    Su-Jung Nam, Tae-Young Pak
    SSM - Population Health.2023; 22: 101411.     CrossRef
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    Jee Min Kim, Ji Yoon Han, Seung Beom Han
    Postgraduate Medicine.2023; 135(7): 727.     CrossRef
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  • 100 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Review Article

India’s efforts to achieve 1.5 billion COVID-19 vaccinations: a narrative review
Kapil Singh, Ashwani Verma, Monisha Lakshminarayan
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022;13(5):316-327.
Published online October 14, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0104
India’s efforts to achieve 1.5 billion COVID-19 vaccinations: a narrative review
The initial case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in India was reported on January 30, 2020, and subsequently, the number of COVID-19-infected patients surged during the first wave of April 2020 and the second wave in the same month of 2021. The government of India imposed a strict nationwide lockdown in April 2020 and extended it until May 2020. The second wave of COVID-19 in India overwhelmed the country’s health facilities and exhausted its medical and paramedical workforce. This narrative review was conducted with the aim of summarizing the evidence drawn from policy documents of governmental and non-governmental organizations, as well as capturing India's COVID-19 vaccination efforts. The findings from this review cover the Indian government's vaccination initiatives, which ranged from steps taken to combat vaccine hesitancy to vaccination roadmaps, deployment plans, the use of digital health technology, vaccination monitoring, adverse effects, and innovative strategies such as Har Ghar Dastak and Jan Bhagidari Andolan (people’s participation). These efforts collectively culminated in the successful administration of more than 1.8 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines in India. This review also provides insights into other countries’ responses to COVID-19 and guidance for future pandemics.

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    Pratik P Tawde, Zahiruddin Quazi, Abhay Gaidhane, Sonali G Choudhari
    Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Paula Mc Kenna, Lindsay A. Broadfield, Annik Willems, Serge Masyn, Theresa Pattery, Ruxandra Draghia-Akli
    Expert Review of Vaccines.2023; 22(1): 243.     CrossRef
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    Saurav Basu, Himanshi Sharma
    Cureus.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • An assessment of the strategy and status of COVID-19 vaccination in India
    Sneh Lata Gupta, Surbhi Goswami, Ananya Anand, Namrata Naman, Priya Kumari, Priyanka Sharma, Rishi K. Jaiswal
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  • Development of a Choice-framework for Covid vaccines in India using a multi-criteria decision analysis approach
    Tarun K. George, Nayana P. Nair, Awnish Kumar Singh, A. Dilesh Kumar, Arup Deb Roy, Varshini Neethi Mohan, Gagandeep Kang
    Vaccine.2023; 41(25): 3755.     CrossRef
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    Nandini Sharma, Saurav Basu, Heena Lalwani, Shivani Rao, Mansi Malik, Sandeep Garg, Rahul Shrivastava, Mongjam Meghachandra Singh
    Vaccines.2023; 11(7): 1177.     CrossRef
  • Review of the unmet medical need for vaccination in adults with immunocompromising conditions: An Indian perspective
    Ashok Vaid, Neha Rastogi, T. Mark Doherty, Peter San Martin, Yashpal Chugh
    Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Translating the COVID-19 experience in widening the HPV vaccination campaign for cervical cancer in India
    Aruni Ghose, Anisha Agarwal, Bhawna Sirohi, Shona Nag, Linus Chuang, Swarupa Mitra
    Gynecologic Oncology Reports.2023; 48: 101247.     CrossRef
  • Symptomatic prevalence of covid-19 in vaccinated and non-vaccinated population
    Jay Bhupesh Pandya, Nirali Milind Shethia, Divya Bangera, Shailaja Gada Saxena
    IP International Journal of Medical Microbiology a.2023; 9(2): 110.     CrossRef
  • Active surveillance of adverse events following COVID-19 vaccines in a tertiary care hospital
    Naveena Mary Cherian, Dravya Anna Durai, Muhammed Jaisel, Divyansh Sharma, Juny Sebastian, Chetak Kadabasal Basavaraja, Merrin Mathew
    Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Effectiveness of ayurvedic formulation, NAOQ19 along with standard care in the treatment of mild-moderate COVID-19 patients: A double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicentric trial
    Pankaj Bhardwaj, Kalaiselvan Ganapathy, Monika Pathania, K.H. Naveen, Jaykaran Charan, Siddhartha Dutta, Ravisekhar Gadepalli, Srikanth Srinivasan, Manoj Kumar Gupta, Akhil D. Goel, Naresh Midha, Bharat Kumar, Meenakshi Sharma, Praveen Sharma, Mithu Baner
    Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine.2023; 14(6): 100778.     CrossRef
  • Balancing Routine and Pandemic: The Synergy of India’s Universal Immunization Program and COVID-19 Vaccination Program
    Pawan Kumar, Ashish Birendra Chakraborty, Suhas Dhandore, Pritu Dhalaria, Ajeet Kumar Singh, Disha Agarwal, Kapil Singh, Pretty Priyadarshini, Paras Jain, Vidushi Bahl, Gunjan Taneja
    Vaccines.2023; 11(12): 1776.     CrossRef
  • Unveiling vaccine safety: a narrative review of pharmacovigilance in India's COVID-19 vaccination
    Megha Hegde, Saurav Raj, Dhananjay Tikadar, Sanatkumar B Nyamagoud
    Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  • 16 Web of Science
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Brief Report

Safety monitoring of COVID-19 vaccination among adolescents aged 12 to 17 years old in the Republic of Korea
Seontae Kim, Insob Hwang, Mijeong Ko, Yunhyung Kwon, Yeon-Kyeng Lee
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022;13(3):230-237.
Published online June 10, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0122
Safety monitoring of COVID-19 vaccination among adolescents aged 12 to 17 years old in the Republic of Korea
Objectives
This study aimed to disseminate information on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine safety among adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in the Republic of Korea. Methods: Two databases were used to assess COVID-19 vaccine safety in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years who completed the primary Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination series. Adverse events reported to the web-based COVID-19 vaccination management system (CVMS) and collected in the text message-based system were analyzed. Results: From March 5, 2021 to February 13, 2022, 12,216 adverse events among 12- to 17-yearolds were reported to the CVMS, of which 97.1% were non-serious adverse events and 2.9% were serious adverse events, including 85 suspected cases of anaphylaxis, 74 suspected cases of myocarditis and/or pericarditis, and 2 deaths. From December 13, 2021 to January 26, 2022, 10,389 adolescents responded to a text message survey, and local/systemic adverse events were more common after dose 2 than after dose 1. The most commonly reported events following either vaccine dose were pain at the injection site, headache, fatigue/tiredness, and myalgia. Conclusion: The overall results are consistent with previous findings; the great majority of adverse events were non-serious, and serious adverse events were rare among adolescents aged 12 to 17 years following Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination.

Citations

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  • Post vaccination acute kidney injury and other renal complications after COVID-19 and influenza vaccination
    Yunn Honey Aye Kyaw, Pierre Yip, Kay Choong See
    World Journal of Nephrology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Identifying adverse reactions following COVID-19 vaccination in Korea using data from active surveillance: a text mining approach
    Hye Ah Lee, Bomi Park, Chung Ho Kim, Yeonjae Kim, Hyunjin Park, Seunghee Jun, Hyelim Lee, Seunghyun Lewis Kwon, Yesul Heo, Hyungmin Lee, Hyesook Park
    Epidemiology and Health.2025; 47: e2025034.     CrossRef
  • Suspected Myocarditis after mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination among South Korean Adolescents
    Mi Jin Kim, Jin Hee Kim, Hyun Ok Jun, Kyung Min Kim, Min Sub Jeung, Jun Sung Park
    Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases.2024; 19(02): 075.     CrossRef
  • Characterization of Brighton Collaboration criteria for myocarditis and pericarditis following COVID-19 vaccine in Korean adolescents
    Jue Seong Lee, HyoSug Choi, Seung Hwan Shin, Myung-Jae Hwang, Sara Na, Jong Hee Kim, Sangshin Park, Yoonsun Yoon, Hyun Mi Kang, Bin Ahn, Kyoungsan Seo, Young June Choe
    Vaccine.2024; 42(14): 3333.     CrossRef
  • Myopericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Ashiley Annushri Thenpandiyan, Ryan Ruiyang Ling, Robert Grignani, Megan Ruien Ling, Arthena Anushka Thenpandiyan, Bee Choo Tai, Jyoti Somani, Kollengode Ramanathan, Swee Chye Quek
    Singapore Medical Journal.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Comparative safety of monovalent and bivalent mRNA COVID-19 booster vaccines in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in the Republic of Korea
    Mijeong Ko, Seontae Kim, Seok-Kyoung Choi, Seung Hwan Shin, Yeon-Kyeng Lee, Yunhyung Kwon
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2024; 15(4): 364.     CrossRef
  • Association of new onset seizure and COVID‐19 vaccines and long‐term follow‐up: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
    Ali Rafati, Melika Jameie, Mobina Amanollahi, Yeganeh Pasebani, Nastaran Salimi, Mohammad Hosein Feyz Kazemi, Mana Jameie, Mohammad Yazdan Pasebani, Delaram Sakhaei, Fateme Feizollahi, Churl‐Su Kwon
    Epilepsia.2024; 65(10): 3010.     CrossRef
  • mRNA COVID-19 vaccine safety among children and adolescents: a Canadian National Vaccine Safety Network cohort study
    Phyumar Soe, Otto G. Vanderkooi, Manish Sadarangani, Monika Naus, Matthew P. Muller, James D. Kellner, Karina A. Top, Hubert Wong, Jennifer E. Isenor, Kimberly Marty, Hennady P. Shulha, Gaston De Serres, Louis Valiquette, Allison McGeer, Julie A. Bettinge
    The Lancet Regional Health - Americas.2024; 40: 100949.     CrossRef
  • Safety of the bivalent COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccination among persons aged over 18 years in the Republic of Korea
    Seok-Kyoung Choi, Seontae Kim, Mijeong Ko, Yeseul Heo, Tae Eun Kim, Yeonkyeong Lee, Juyeon Jang, Eunok Bahng
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2024; 15(6): 542.     CrossRef
  • Immunogenicity, effectiveness, and safety of COVID-19 vaccines among children and adolescents aged 2–18 years: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis
    Peng Gao, Liang-Yu Kang, Jue Liu, Min Liu
    World Journal of Pediatrics.2023; 19(11): 1041.     CrossRef
  • Incidence of myopericarditis after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination: A meta-analysis with focus on adolescents aged 12–17 years
    Bao-Qiang Guo, Hong-Bin Li, Li-Qiang Yang
    Vaccine.2023; 41(28): 4067.     CrossRef
  • Safety monitoring of COVID-19 vaccines: February 26, 2021, To June 4, 2022, Republic of Korea
    Yeon-Kyeng Lee, Yunhyung Kwon, Yesul Heo, Eun Kyoung Kim, Seung Yun Kim, Hoon Cho, Seontae Kim, Mijeong Ko, Dosang Lim, Soon-Young Seo, Enhi Cho
    Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2023; 66(10): 415.     CrossRef
  • Risk of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Messenger RNA Vaccination-Associated Myocarditis and Pericarditis – A Systematic Review of Population-Based Data
    Yen-Ching Lin, Chia-Hsuin Chang, Wei-Ju Su, Chin-Hui Yang, Jann-Tay Wang
    Risk Management and Healthcare Policy.2023; Volume 16: 2085.     CrossRef
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    Eliel Nham, Joon Young Song, Ji Yun Noh, Hee Jin Cheong, Woo Joo Kim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  • 173 Download
  • 12 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Review Article

Immune-related therapeutics: an update on antiviral drugs and vaccines to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic
Iqra Mir, Sania Aamir, Syed Rizwan Hussain Shah, Muhammad Shahid, Iram Amin, Samia Afzal, Amjad Nawaz, Muhammad Umer Khan, Muhammad Idrees
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022;13(2):84-100.
Published online April 27, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0024
Immune-related therapeutics: an update on antiviral drugs and vaccines to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic rapidly spread globally. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus with a reported fatality rate ranging from 1% to 7%, and people with immune-compromised conditions, children, and older adults are particularly vulnerable. Respiratory failure and cytokine storm-induced multiple organ failure are the major causes of death. This article highlights the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms of host cells activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and possible therapeutic approaches against COVID-19. Some potential drugs proven to be effective for other viral diseases are under clinical trials now for use against COVID-19. Examples include inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin), viral protein synthesis (ivermectin, lopinavir/ ritonavir), and fusion of the viral membrane with host cells (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, nitazoxanide, and umifenovir). This article also presents the intellectual groundwork for the ongoing development of vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials, explaining potential candidates (live attenuated-whole virus vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNAbased vaccines, protein-based vaccines, nanoparticle-based vaccines, virus-like particles and mRNA-based vaccines). Designing and developing an effective vaccine (both prophylactic and therapeutic) would be a long-term solution and the most effective way to eliminate the COVID-19 pandemic.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Organ‐Specific Human Microbiomes and Dysbiosis: Mechanistic Links to Disease and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies
    Awadh Alanazi
    Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 11,753 View
  • 134 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Original Article

Objectives
We descriptively reviewed a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak at a nursing hospital in Gyeonggi Province (South Korea) and assessed the effectiveness of the first dose of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine in a real-world population. Methods: The general process of the epidemiological investigation included a public health intervention. The relative risk (RR) of vaccinated and unvaccinated groups was calculated and compared to confirm the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV-2) infection, and vaccine effectiveness was evaluated based on the calculated RR. Results: The population at risk was confined to ward E among 8 wards of Hospital X, where the outbreak occurred. This population comprised 55 people, including 39 patients, 12 nurses, and 4 caregivers, and 19 cases were identified. The RR between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups was 0.04, resulting in a vaccine effectiveness of 95.3%. The vaccination rate of the nonpatients in ward E was the lowest in the entire hospital, whereas the overall vaccination rate of the combined patient and non-patient groups in ward E was the third lowest. Conclusion: The first dose of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine (ChAdOx1-S) was effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. To prevent COVID-19 outbreaks in medical facilities, it is important to prioritize the vaccination of healthcare providers.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Preparing for Future Pandemics: Vaccine Effectiveness Against SARS-CoV-2 Variant in a High-Risk Hospital Environment—A Case Study From Vietnam
    Hien Thi Nguyen, Luong Huy Duong, Thai Quang Pham, Than Huu Dao, Kieu-Anh Thi Nguyen, Huyen Thi Nguyen, Nghia Duy Ngu, Duong Nhu Tran, Kim-Nhung Thi Le, Tung Son Trinh, H. Rogier van Doorn, Florian Vogt, Khanh Cong Nguyen
    Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2025; 37(8): 681.     CrossRef
  • COVID-19 Vaccination in Korea: Past, Present, and the Way Forward
    Eliel Nham, Joon Young Song, Ji Yun Noh, Hee Jin Cheong, Woo Joo Kim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 8,911 View
  • 117 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Review Article

Points to consider for COVID-19 vaccine quality control and national lot release in Republic of Korea: focus on a viral vector platform
Jung Hun Ju, Naery Lee, Sun-hee Kim, Seokkee Chang, Misook Yang, Jihyun Shin, Eunjo Lee, Sunhwa Sung, Jung-Hwan Kim, Jin Tae Hong, Ho Jung Oh
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022;13(1):4-14.
Published online February 8, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0311
Points to consider for COVID-19 vaccine quality control and national lot release in Republic of Korea: focus on a viral vector platform
Due to the global public health crisis caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the importance of vaccine development has increased. In particular, a rapid supply of vaccines and prompt deployment of vaccination programs are essential to prevent and overcome the spread of COVID-19. As a part of the vaccine regulations, national lot release is regulated by the responsible authorities, and this process involves the assessment of the lot before a vaccine is marketed. A lot can be released for use when both summary protocol (SP) review and quality control testing are complete. Accelerated lot release is required to distribute COVID-19 vaccines in a timely manner. In order to expedite the process by simultaneously undertaking the verification of quality assessment and application for approval, it is necessary to prepare the test methods before marketing authorization. With the prolonged pandemic and controversies regarding the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine against new variants, public interest for the development of a new vaccine are increasing. Domestic developers have raised the need to establish standard guidance on the requirements for developing COVID-19 vaccine. This paper presents considerations for quality control in the manufacturing process, test items, and SP content of viral vector vaccines.

Citations

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  • Development of an identity test for COVID-19 mRNA vaccines using SARS-CoV-2 NAT standard
    Miran Jo, Eunjo Lee, Ho Jung Oh, Jin Tae Hong, Kyung Hee Sohn
    Biosafety and Health.2025; 7(4): 224.     CrossRef
  • 12,050 View
  • 242 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Brief Report

COVID-19 vaccine safety monitoring in Republic of Korea from February 26, 2021 to October 31, 2021
Insob Hwang, Kyeongeun Park, Tae Eun Kim, Yunhyung Kwon, Yeon-Kyeng Lee
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2021;12(6):396-402.
Published online December 21, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0310
COVID-19 vaccine safety monitoring in Republic of Korea from February 26, 2021 to October 31, 2021
Objectives
This study aimed to present data on reported adverse events following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in Republic of Korea from February 26 to October 31, 2021, and to determine whether any significant patterns emerged from an analysis of the characteristics of suspected adverse event cases for each type of vaccine.
Methods
Adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination reported by medical doctors and forensic pathologists were analyzed. Cases of suspected anaphylaxis were classified using the Brighton Collaboration definition.
Results
By October 31, 2021, a total of 353,535 (0.45%) adverse events were reported after 78,416,802 COVID-19 vaccine doses. Of the adverse events, 96.4% were non-serious and 3.6% were serious. The most frequently reported adverse events were headache, myalgia, and dizziness. Of the 835 reported deaths after COVID-19 vaccination, 2 vaccine-related deaths were confirmed. Suspected anaphylaxis was confirmed in 454 cases using the Brighton Collaboration definition.
Conclusion
The commonly reported symptoms were similar to those described in clinical trials. Most reported adverse events were non-serious, and the reporting rate of adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination was higher in women than in men (581 vs. 315 per 100,000 vaccinations). Confirmed anaphylaxis was reported in 5.8 cases per 1,000,000 vaccinations.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Safety of COVID-19 mRNA-1273 booster doses in Asian populations: A literature review of post-marketing observational studies
    Chris Clarke, Daina Esposito, Veronica Urdaneta, Piyali Mukherjee, Amanda K. Buttery
    Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Mortality in severe serious adverse events following heterologous and homologous prime-boost vaccination strategies for SARS-CoV-2: A retrospective cohort study
    Min Cheol Song, Jongmok Ha, Suyeon Park, Hyunwook Kang, Taeeun Kyung, Namoh Kim, Dong Kyu Kim, Kihoon Bae, Kwang Jun Lee, Euiho Lee, Jin Myoung Seok, Jinyoung Youn, Sunny Narayan
    PLOS One.2025; 20(5): e0323736.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of adverse events and comorbidity exacerbation following the COVID-19 booster dose: A national survey among randomly-selected booster recipients
    Dvora Frankenthal, Miri Zatlawi, Ziv Karni-Efrati, Lital Keinan-Boker, Aharona Glatman-Freedman, Michal Bromberg, Amirhossein Akhavan-Sigari
    PLOS One.2025; 20(7): e0326231.     CrossRef
  • Anaphylaxis post-COVID-19 vaccinations in Singapore
    Li Fung Peck, Wang Woon Poh, Adena Theen Lim, Sally Bee Leng Soh, Mun Yee Tham, Belinda Pei Qin Foo, Amelia Jing Jing Ng, Patricia Suet Ling Ng, Pei San Ang, Cheng Leng Chan, Dorothy Su Lin Toh, Edmund Jon Deoon Lee, Amelia Santosa, Bernard Yu-Hor Thong,
    Singapore Medical Journal.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Safety of the bivalent COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccination among persons aged over 18 years in the Republic of Korea
    Seok-Kyoung Choi, Seontae Kim, Mijeong Ko, Yeseul Heo, Tae Eun Kim, Yeonkyeong Lee, Juyeon Jang, Eunok Bahng
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2024; 15(6): 542.     CrossRef
  • A Nationwide Survey of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccinee’s Experiences on Adverse Events and Its Associated Factors
    Dongwon Yoon, Ha-Lim Jeon, Yunha Noh, Young June Choe, Seung-Ah Choe, Jaehun Jung, Ju-Young Shin
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Temporal association between the age-specific incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in Republic of Korea: a nationwide time-series correlation study
    Hyunju Lee, Donghyok Kwon, Seoncheol Park, Seung Ri Park, Darda Chung, Jongmok Ha
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2023; 14(3): 224.     CrossRef
  • Safety monitoring of COVID-19 vaccines: February 26, 2021, To June 4, 2022, Republic of Korea
    Yeon-Kyeng Lee, Yunhyung Kwon, Yesul Heo, Eun Kyoung Kim, Seung Yun Kim, Hoon Cho, Seontae Kim, Mijeong Ko, Dosang Lim, Soon-Young Seo, Enhi Cho
    Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2023; 66(10): 415.     CrossRef
  • Allergic Reactions to COVID-19 Vaccines: Risk Factors, Frequency, Mechanisms and Management
    Nicoletta Luxi, Alexia Giovanazzi, Alessandra Arcolaci, Patrizia Bonadonna, Maria Angiola Crivellaro, Paola Maria Cutroneo, Carmen Ferrajolo, Fabiana Furci, Lucia Guidolin, Ugo Moretti, Elisa Olivieri, Giuliana Petrelli, Giovanna Zanoni, Gianenrico Senna,
    BioDrugs.2022; 36(4): 443.     CrossRef
  • Safety monitoring of COVID-19 vaccination among adolescents aged 12 to 17 years old in the Republic of Korea
    Seontae Kim, Insob Hwang, Mijeong Ko, Yunhyung Kwon, Yeon-Kyeng Lee
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2022; 13(3): 230.     CrossRef
  • Incidence and Characteristics of Adverse Events after COVID-19 Vaccination in a Population-Based Programme
    Laura Bonzano, Olivera Djuric, Pamela Mancuso, Lidia Fares, Raffaele Brancaccio, Marta Ottone, Eufemia Bisaccia, Massimo Vicentini, Alessia Cocconcelli, Alfonso Motolese, Rostyslav Boyko, Paolo Giorgi Rossi, Alberico Motolese
    Vaccines.2022; 10(7): 1111.     CrossRef
  • Global Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: A Systematic Review
    Carla Pires
    Vaccines.2022; 10(8): 1349.     CrossRef
  • Anaphylaxis and Related Events Following COVID‐19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review
    Pradipta Paul, Emmad Janjua, Mai AlSubaie, Vinutha Ramadorai, Beshr Mushannen, Ahamed Lazim Vattoth, Wafa Khan, Khalifa Bshesh, Areej Nauman, Ibrahim Mohammed, Imane Bouhali, Mohammed Khalid, Dalia Zakaria
    The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.2022; 62(11): 1335.     CrossRef
  • Adverse events of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in Korean children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years
    Seontae Kim, Yeseul Heo, Soon-Young Seo, Do Sang Lim, Enhi Cho, Yeon-Kyeng Lee
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2022; 13(5): 382.     CrossRef
  • COVID-19 Vaccination in Korea: Past, Present, and the Way Forward
    Eliel Nham, Joon Young Song, Ji Yun Noh, Hee Jin Cheong, Woo Joo Kim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Self-reported adverse events after 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine in Korea
    Yunhyung Kwon, Insob Hwang, Mijeong Ko, Hyungjun Kim, Seontae Kim, Soon-Young Seo, Enhi Cho, Yeon-Kyeng Lee
    Epidemiology and Health.2022; 45: e2023006.     CrossRef
  • 12,029 View
  • 233 Download
  • 17 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Original Article

Factors influencing acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in Malaysia: a web-based survey
June Fei Wen Lau, Yuan Liang Woon, Chin Tho Leong, Hoon Shien Teh
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2021;12(6):361-373.
Published online November 25, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0085
Objectives
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has set a precedent for the fastest-produced vaccine as a result of global collaboration and outreach. This study explored Malaysians’ acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine and its associated factors.
Methods
A cross-sectional anonymous web-based survey was disseminated to Malaysian adults aged ≥18 years old via social media platforms between July 10, 2020 and August 31, 2020.
Results
In the analysis of 4,164 complete responses, 93.2% of participants indicated that they would accept the COVID-19 vaccine if it was offered for free by the Malaysian government. The median out-of-pocket cost that participants were willing to pay for a COVID-19 vaccine was Malaysian ringgit (MYR) 100 (interquartile range [IQR], 100) if it was readily available and MYR 150 (IQR, 200) if the supply was limited. Respondents with a low likelihood of vaccine hesitancy had 13 times higher odds of accepting the COVID-19 vaccine (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.69 to 19.13). High perceived risk and severity were also associated with willingness to be vaccinated, with adjusted odds ratios of 2.22 (95% CI, 1.44 to 3.41) and 2.76 (95% CI, 1.87 to 4.09), respectively. Age and ethnicity were the only independent demographic characteristics that predicted vaccine uptake.
Conclusion
Public health strategies targeting perceived risk, perceived susceptibility and vaccine hesitancy could be effective in enhancing vaccine uptake.

Citations

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    Akmal Shukri Amir Muhaimin, Muhammad Amin Ibrahim, Mohammed Fauzi Abdul Rani, Mariam Mohamad, Seok Mui Wang, Ariza Adnan, Madyhah Abd. Monir, Fatmawati Kamal, Siti Farah Alwani Mohd Nawi
    Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology.2026; 20(2): 1278.     CrossRef
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    Li Ping Wong, Haridah Alias, Hai Yen Lee
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    Mona Salim, Jiuchang Wei
    Risk Analysis.2025; 45(6): 1453.     CrossRef
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    Siti Nur Aisyah Zaid, Azidah Abdul Kadir, Mohd Noor Norhayati, Basaruddin Ahmad, Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff, Anis Safura Ramli, Jasy Suet Yan Liew
    PeerJ.2025; 13: e19318.     CrossRef
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    Prebha Manickam, Tina Varghese, Suwarna Senthilvasan, Rubithra Ramesh, Suveitra Balanei Balasubramaniam
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    Evalyn Roxas, Paulyn Jean Acacio-Claro, Maria Margarita Lota, Alvin Abeleda, Soledad Natalia Dalisay, Madilene Landicho, Yoshiki Fujimori, Jan Zarlyn Rosuello, Jessica Kaufman, Margaret Danchin, Vicente Belizario, Florian Vogt
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  • Assessment of Allergic Reaction of Covid-19 Vaccination among Malaysian Adults: A Cross-sectional Study
    Abdah Md Akim, Nurhazwani Abd Rauf, Yazan Ranneh, Gul-e-Saba Chaudhry
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Sakshaleni Rajendiran, Wong Li Ping, Yuvaneswary Veloo, Syahidiah Syed Abu Thahir
    Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Cheryl Minn Jee Khoo, Eve Zhi Qing Dea, Li Yeow Law, Sharon Siew Tong Wong, Khuen Yen Ng, Athirah Bakhtiar
    Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Yu Huang, Qingqing Wu, Shuiyang Xu, Xiang Zhao, Lei Wang, Qiaohong Lv, Suxian Wu, Xuehai Zhang
    Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2023; 16(4): 176.     CrossRef
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    Roy Rillera Marzo, Ritankar Chakraborty, Shean Yih Soh, Hui Zhu Thew, Collins Chong, Ching Sin Siau, Khairuddin Bin Abdul Wahab, Indang Ariati Binti Ariffin, Shekhar Chauhan, Ken Brackstone, Bijaya Kumar Padhi, Petra Heidler
    Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal.2023; 31(11): 101797.     CrossRef
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    Petros Galanis, Irene Vraka, Olga Siskou, Olympia Konstantakopoulou, Aglaia Katsiroumpa, Ioannis Moisoglou, Daphne Kaitelidou
    Vacunas.2022; 23: S60.     CrossRef
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    Jason Wei Jian Ng, Santha Vaithilingam, Mahendhiran Nair, Li-Ann Hwang, Kamarul Imran Musa, Anat Gesser-Edelsburg
    PLOS ONE.2022; 17(5): e0268926.     CrossRef
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    Li Ping Wong, Haridah Alias, Yan-Li Siaw, Mustakiza Muslimin, Lee Lee Lai, Yulan Lin, Zhijian Hu
    Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Ayenew Mose, Abebaw Wasie, Solomon Shitu, Kassahun Haile, Abebe Timerga, Tamirat Melis, Tadesse Sahle, Amare Zewdie, Dong Keon Yon
    PLOS ONE.2022; 17(6): e0269273.     CrossRef
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    Nicholas Yee Liang Hing, Yuan Liang Woon, Yew Kong Lee, Hyung Joon Kim, Nurhyikmah M Lothfi, Elizabeth Wong, Komathi Perialathan, Nor Haryati Ahmad Sanusi, Affendi Isa, Chin Tho Leong, Joan Costa-Font
    BMJ Global Health.2022; 7(7): e009250.     CrossRef
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    Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Vacunas (English Edition).2022; 23: S60.     CrossRef
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Brief Reports
COVID-19 vaccine safety monitoring in the Republic of Korea: February 26, 2021 to April 30, 2021
Hyun-kyung Oh, Eun Kyeong Kim, Insob Hwang, Tae Eun Kim, Yeon-kyeong Lee, Eunju Lee, Yeon-Kyeng Lee
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2021;12(4):264-268.
Published online August 13, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0157
Objectives
On February 26, 2021, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination was started for high-priority groups based on the recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices with 2 available COVID-19 vaccines (AstraZeneca and Pfizer-BioNTech) in Korea. This report provides a summary of adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination as of April 30, 2021.
Methods
Adverse events following immunization are notifiable by medical doctors to the Korea Immunization Management System (KIMS) under the national surveillance system. We analyzed all adverse events reports following COVID-19 vaccination to the KIMS from February 26 to April 30, 2021.
Results
In total, 16,196 adverse events following 3,586,814 administered doses of COVID-19 vaccines were reported in approximately 2 months (February 26 to April 30, 2021). Of these, 15,658 (96.7%) were non-serious adverse events, and 538 (3.3%) were serious adverse events, including 73 (0.5%) deaths. The majority of adverse events (n=13,063, 80.7%) were observed in women, and the most frequently reported adverse events were myalgia (52.2%), fever (44.9%), and headache (34.9%). Of the 73 deaths following the COVID-19 vaccination, none were related to the vaccines.
Conclusion
By April 30, 3.6 million doses of the COVID 19 vaccine had been given in Korea, and the overwhelming majority of reports were for non-serious events. The Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency continues to monitor the safety of COVID-19 vaccination.

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  • A prospective cohort study protocol: monitoring and surveillance of adverse events following heterologous booster doses of Oxford AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine in previous recipients of two doses of Sinopharm or Sputnik V vaccines in Iran
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  • Herpes Zoster Reactivation After mRNA and Adenovirus-Vectored Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination: Analysis of National Health Insurance Database
    Jin Gu Yoon, Young-Eun Kim, Min Joo Choi, Won Suk Choi, Yu Bin Seo, Jaehun Jung, Hak-Jun Hyun, Hye Seong, Eliel Nham, Ji Yun Noh, Joon Young Song, Woo Joo Kim, Dong Wook Kim, Hee Jin Cheong
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  • Direct and Indirect Associations of Media Use With COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in South Korea: Cross-sectional Web-Based Survey
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    Journal of Medical Internet Research.2022; 24(1): e32329.     CrossRef
  • Self-Reported COVID-19 Vaccines’ Side Effects among Patients Treated with Biological Therapies in Saudi Arabia: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study
    Lama T AlMutairi, Wesal Y Alalayet, Sondus I Ata, Khalidah A Alenzi, Yazed AlRuthia
    Vaccines.2022; 10(6): 977.     CrossRef
  • COVID-19 vaccine safety monitoring in Republic of Korea from February 26, 2021 to October 31, 2021
    Insob Hwang, Kyeongeun Park, Tae Eun Kim, Yunhyung Kwon, Yeon-Kyeng Lee
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2021; 12(6): 396.     CrossRef
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  • 176 Download
  • 7 Web of Science
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The laboratory test procedure to confirm rotavirus vaccine infection in severe complex immunodeficiency patients
Su-Jin Chae, Seung-Rye Cho, Wooyoung Choi, Myung-Guk Han, Deog-Yong Lee
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2021;12(4):269-273.
Published online August 13, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0079
The rotavirus vaccine is a live vaccine, and there is a possibility of infection by the virus strain used in the vaccine. We investigated the process of determining whether an infection was caused by the vaccine strain in a severe complex immunodeficiency (SCID) patient with rotavirus infection. The patient was vaccinated with RotaTeq prior to being diagnosed with SCID. The testing process was conducted in the following order: confirming rotavirus infection, determining its genotype, and confirming the vaccine strain. Rotavirus infection was confirmed through enzyme immunoassay and VP6 gene detection. G1 and P[8] were identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the genotype, and G3 was further identified using a single primer. By detecting the fingerprint gene (WC3) of RotaTeq, it was confirmed that the detected virus was the vaccine strain. Genotypes G1 and P[8] were identified, and the infection was suspected of having been caused by rotavirus G1P[8]. G1P[8] is the most commonly detected genotype worldwide and is not included in the recombinant strains used in vaccines. Therefore, the infection was confirmed to have been caused by the vaccine strain by analyzing the genetic relationship between VP4 and VP7. Rotavirus infection by the vaccine strain can be identified through genotyping and fingerprint gene detection. However, genetic linkage analysis will also help to identify vaccine strains.

Citations

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  • Enhanced numerical techniques for solving generalized rotavirus mathematical model via iterative method and ρ-Laplace transform
    Rishi Kumar Pandey, Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar
    Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathemat.2024; 12: 100963.     CrossRef
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  • 127 Download
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