Microbial coinfections can increase the morbidity and mortality rates of viral respiratory diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of fungal coinfections in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Web of Science, Medline, Scopus, and Embase were searched without language restrictions to identify the related research on COVID-19 patients with fungal coinfections from December 1, 2019, to December 30, 2020. A random-effects model was used for analysis. The sample size included 2,246 patients from 8 studies. The pooled prevalence of fungal coinfections was 12.60%. The frequency of fungal subtype coinfections was 3.71% for Aspergillus, 2.39% for Candida, and 0.39% for other. The World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Europe and Regional Office for Southeast Asia had the highest (23.28%) and lowest (4.53%) estimated prevalence of fungal coinfection, respectively. Our findings showed a high prevalence of fungal coinfections in COVID-19 cases, which is a likely contributor to mortality in COVID-19 patients. Early identification of fungal pathogens in the laboratory for COVID-19 patients can lead to timely treatment and prevention of further damage by this hidden infection.
Coronaviruses, which have been known to cause diseases in animals since the 1930s, utilize cellular components during their replication cycle. Lipids play important roles in viral infection, as coronaviruses target cellular lipids and lipid metabolism to modify their host cells to become an optimal environment for viral replication. Therefore, lipids can be considered as potential targets for the development of antiviral agents. This review provides an overview of the roles of cellular lipids in different stages of the life cycle of coronaviruses.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
The Enigmatic Conserved Q134-F135-N137 Triad in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: A Conformational Transducer? Marine Lefebvre, Henri Chahinian, Nouara Yahi, Jacques Fantini Biomolecules.2026; 16(1): 111. CrossRef
The role of lipid molecules in the pathogenesis of viral gastroenteritis Nastaran Khodadad, Milad Zandi, Shokufeh Akbarinia, Mona Fani, Shokrollah Salmanzadeh, Samaneh Abbasi Future Virology.2026; 21(3): 219. CrossRef
Homeostasis of Calnexin Is Essential for the Growth, Virulence, and Hypovirus RNA Accumulation in the Chestnut Blight Fungus Tao Huang, Xiaoling Ma, Ziqi Zhao, Danna Qin, Weiye Qin, Jinzi Wang, Baoshan Chen, Xipu He Molecular Microbiology.2025; 123(5): 393. CrossRef
Understanding the Molecular Actions of Spike Glycoprotein in SARS-CoV-2 and Issues of a Novel Therapeutic Strategy for the COVID-19 Vaccine Yasunari Matsuzaka, Ryu Yashiro BioMedInformatics.2024; 4(2): 1531. CrossRef
Orsay Virus Infection of Caenorhabditis elegans Is Modulated by Zinc and Dependent on Lipids Luis Alberto Casorla-Perez, Ranya Guennoun, Ciro Cubillas, Bo Peng, Kerry Kornfeld, David Wang, Rebecca Ellis Dutch Journal of Virology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has infected many people around the world. Children are considered an important target group for SARS-CoV-2, as well as other viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus infection. Both SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus can affect the respiratory tract. Coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus can pose significant challenges in terms of diagnosis and treatment in children. This review compares the symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment of COVID-19 and respiratory syncytial virus infection in children.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
From Triplex to Quadruplex: Enhancing CDC’s Respiratory qPCR Assay with RSV Detection on Panther Fusion® Open Access™ Andy Caballero Méndez, Mayeline N. Sosa Ortiz, Roberto A. Reynoso de la Rosa, Miguel E. Abreu Bencosme, Karla V. Montero Lebrón Microorganisms.2026; 14(1): 167. CrossRef
Epidemiological and clinical profiles of respiratory syncytial virus infections in hospitalized children: a retrospective cohort study utilizing targeted next-generation sequencing Chunyun Fu, Jialing Ruan, Lishai Mo, Jiangyang Zhao, Junming Lu, Ya Huang, Xuehua Hu, Qiang Huang, Yanhua Feng, Wenting Tang, Ning Zhu, Cuihong Lu, Xiangjun Lu, Ruting Chen, Guangbing Liu, Huiping Huang, Qifei Li, Jie Tan European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infect.2025; 44(6): 1391. CrossRef
Designing a Multi-Epitope Vaccine Against MPXV and HIV Based on an Immunoinformatic Approach Ding Tang, Siwen Wu, Youchun Wang, Weijin Huang International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(13): 6313. CrossRef
Respiratory Syncytial Virus-A in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2-Negative Pediatric Patients: Insights from Tertiary Healthcare Center in Pune Manasi V. Chavan, Prachi V. Prasad, Avinash A. Lendave, Chandrashekhar G. Raut, Abhilasha J. Bhawalkar Indian Journal of Public Health.2025; 69(3): 335. CrossRef
Evaluating an extraction-free sample preparation method for multiplex detection of SARS-Cov-2, influenza A/B, and RSV with implementation on a microfluidic chip Fatemeh Ahmadi, Fatemeh Zahra Zanganeh, Iman Amani Tehrani, Saeed Shoaee, Hamzeh Choobin, Ali Bozorg, Mojtaba Taghipoor Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease.2024; 109(3): 116325. CrossRef
Design of multivalent-epitope vaccine models directed toward the world’s population against HIV-Gag polyprotein: Reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics Ava Hashempour, Nastaran Khodadad, Peyman Bemani, Younes Ghasemi, Shokufeh Akbarinia, Reza Bordbari, Amir Hossein Tabatabaei, Shahab Falahi, Anoop Kumar PLOS ONE.2024; 19(9): e0306559. CrossRef
Results from the second WHO external quality assessment for the molecular detection of respiratory syncytial virus, 2019–2020 Thomas Williams, Sandra Jackson, Ian Barr, Shabana Bi, Jinal Bhiman, Joanna Ellis, Anne von Gottberg, Stephen Lindstrom, Teresa Peret, Sanjiv Rughooputh, Mariana Viegas, Siddhivinayak Hirve, Maria Zambon, Wenqing Zhang Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Viral, Bacterial, and Fungal Respiratory Infections Ashley Losier, Gayatri Gupta, Mario Caldararo, Charles S. Dela Cruz Clinics in Chest Medicine.2023; 44(2): 407. CrossRef
Viral Coinfection of Children Hospitalized with Severe Acute Respiratory Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic Célia Regina Malveste Ito, André Luís Elias Moreira, Paulo Alex Neves da Silva, Mônica de Oliveira Santos, Adailton Pereira dos Santos, Geovana Sôffa Rézio, Pollyanna Neta de Brito, Alana Parreira Costa Rezende, Jakeline Godinho Fonseca, Fernanda Aparecid Biomedicines.2023; 11(5): 1402. CrossRef
Clinical Relevance of RSV and SARS-CoV-2 Coinfections in Infants and Young Children Rosa Rodriguez-Fernandez, Felipe González-Martínez, Jimena Perez-Moreno, María Isabel González-Sánchez, Blanca Toledo del Castillo, Irene Mingueza de la Paz, Laura Diaz Pozo, Asuncion Mejias, Octavio Ramilo Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal.2023; 42(12): e473. CrossRef
Targeting Host Calcium Channels and Viroporins: A Promising Strategy for SARS-CoV-2 Therapy Mona Fani, Maryam Moossavi, Hasan Bakhshi, Abozar Nasiri Jahrodi, Mohammad Reza Khazdair, Amir Hossein Zardast, Shokouh Ghafari Future Virology.2023; 18(12): 797. CrossRef
Respiratory syncytial virus, recurrent wheeze and asthma: A narrative review of pathophysiology, prevention and future directions Elly Binns, Jane Tuckerman, Paul V Licciardi, Danielle Wurzel Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health.2022; 58(10): 1741. CrossRef
Impact of genetic polymorphisms related to innate immune response on respiratory syncytial virus infection in children Laura Elena Córdova-Dávalos, Alicia Hernández-Mercado, Claudia Berenice Barrón-García, Augusto Rojas-Martínez, Mariela Jiménez, Eva Salinas, Daniel Cervantes-García Virus Genes.2022; 58(6): 501. CrossRef
Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 virus in ambulatory children under 2 years old Carolina A. Perez, Ivana Ormazabal, Javier Pérez-Valenzuela, Andrea Araya, Rafael A. Medina, Cecilia Perret Frontiers in Pediatrics.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
First
Prev
