<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>This study aimed to examine how social activity (SA) moderates the relationship between age norms (AN) and subjective health status (SHS) among older adults in Korea. Based on the theories of age-integrated structure and active aging, the proposed hypotheses were that SHS has a positive association with attitudes towards AN, and with the interactions between different types of AN and SA.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>Cross-sectional data from a Korean national survey of older adults were analyzed. Participants were older adults <italic>N</italic> = 10,451, of whom 10,280 were used in the study sample. Multivariate linear regression including interaction terms, was used to examine the associations among SHS, AN, and SA.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>The results of multivariate linear regression examining learning (ß = 0.066, <italic>p</italic> < 0.001), working (ß = 0.063, <italic>p</italic> < 0.001), and remarriage (ß = 0.036, <italic>p</italic> < 0.001) showed that those who perceived AN more positively, were more likely to have a high SHS. With interaction terms, those who had a positive attitude towards AN for learning and volunteering (ß = 0.025, <italic>p</italic> < 0.05), and remarriage and engaged in friendship groups (ß = 0.032, <italic>p</italic> < 0.05) were more likely to have a high SHS.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>SA serves as a great moderator between AN and SHS.</p></sec>
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<sec><title>Objectives</title><p>The environment of long-term care hospitals (LTCHs) is critical to the management of the quality of their services and to patient safety, as highlighted by international studies. However, there is a lack of evidence on this topic in South Korea. This study aimed to examine the factors affecting healthcare quality in LTCHs and to explore the effectiveness of their quality management.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>This study used a mixed methods approach with quantitative data collected in a national survey and qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with practice-based managers. The samples included 725 nationally representative LTCHs in South Korea for the quantitative analysis and 15 administrators for the in-depth interviews.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>A higher installation rate of patient-safety and hygiene-related facilities and staff with longer-tenures, especially nurses, were more likely to have better healthcare quality and education for both employees and patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The need for patient-safety- and hygiene-related facilities in LTCHs that serve older adults reflects their vulnerability to certain adverse events (e.g., infections). Consistent and skillful nursing care to improve the quality of LTCHs can be achieved by developing relevant educational programs for staff and patients, thereby strengthening the relationships between them.</p></sec>
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Objectives
This study analyzes the influence of the financial structure of pharmaceutical companies on R&D investment to create a next-generation profit source or develop relatively cost-effective drugs to maximize enterprise value. Methods
The period of the empirical analysis is from 2000 to 2012. Financial statements and comments in general and internal transactions were extracted from TS-2000 of the Korea Listed Company Association (KLCA), and data related to stock price is extracted from KISVALUE-Ⅲ of NICE Information Service Co., Ltd. Stata 12.0 was used as the statistical package for panel analysis. Results
The current ratio had a positive influence on R&D investment, the debt ratio had a negative influence on R&D investment, and return on investment and net sales growth rate did not have a significant influence on R&D investment. Conclusion
It was found in this study that the higher liquidity ratio, the greater the R&D investment. The stability of pharmaceutical companies has a negative influence on R&D investment. This finding is consistent with the prediction that if a company faces a financial risk, it will be passive in R&D investment due to its financial difficulties.
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Objectives
The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of the research and development (R&D) investment of pharmaceutical companies on enterprise value. Methods
The period of the empirical analysis is from 2000 to 2012, considering the period after the influence of the financial crisis. Financial statements and comments in general and internal transactions were extracted from TS-2000 of the Korea Listed Company Association, and data related to stock price were extracted from KISVALUE-III of National Information and Credit Evaluation Information Service Co., Ltd. STATA 12.0 was used as the statistical package for panel analysis. Results
In the pharmaceutical firms, the influence of the R&D intensity with regard to Tobin's <i>q</i> was found to be positive. However, only the R&D expenditure intensities of previous years 2 and 5 (<i>t</i>–2 and <i>t</i>–5, respectively) were statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.1), whereas those of previous years 1, 3, and 4 years (<i>t</i>–1, <i>t</i>–3, and <i>t</i>–4, respectively) were not statistically significant. Conclusion
R&D investment not only affects the enterprise value but is also evaluated as an investment activity that raises the long-term enterprise value. The research findings will serve as valuable data to understand the enterprise value of the Korea pharmaceutical industry and to strengthen reform measures. Not only should new drug development be made, but also investment and support should be provided according to the specific factors suitable to improve the competitiveness of each company, such as generic, incrementally modified drugs, and biosimilar products.
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