Objectives Klebsiella pneumoniae is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. Its increasing prevalence poses substantial challenges to both hospital and public health systems due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Understanding the epidemiology of K. pneumoniae and its antimicrobial resistance characteristics may support antimicrobial stewardship and infection control programs. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to November 2025. Methods: A total of 62 isolates underwent phenotypic identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the BD Phoenix system (Becton Dickinson), followed by molecular detection of K. pneumoniae and efflux pump genes. Sanger sequencing was performed on isolates positive for the tolC gene. Results: Among the isolates, 66.1% were classified as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers, 6.5% as carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), and 6.5% as both ESBL and CRE producers. Most clinical isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cefazolin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and cefepime. The acrAB and tolC genes were detected in all 62 isolates. One isolate showed a genetic profile similar to that of the K. pneumoniae KP 52.145 strain. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance among K. pneumoniae isolates and confirmed the presence of efflux pump genes, including tolC, with observable genetic variability. Further investigation of tolC gene evolution is essential, as these genes play critical roles in antibiotic resistance mechanisms.
Objectives Klebsiella pneumoniae is known as one of the most common causes of hospitalacquired infections. Its prevalence poses substantial challenges to both hospital and public health systems, particularly due to the rise of multidrug‐resistant strains. Understanding the epidemiology and resistance properties of K. pneumoniae can inform antimicrobial stewardship and infection control programs. A cross-sectional study was employed from November 2021 to November 2023. Methods: A total of 24 isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production test, and molecular gene detection. Results: The study found that 95.8% of clinical isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin (100%). A high percentage of isolates were resistant to cefazolin (91.7%), ceftriaxone (87.5%), cefotaxime (87.5%), cefepime (87.5%), ciprofloxacin (83.3%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (83.3%). Of the 24 isolates, 87.5% harbored ESBL genes, while the frequencies for GES, NDM, SIM, and OXA-48 were 16.7%, 20.8%, 8.3%, and 41.7%, respectively. Notably, the OXA-23 and OXA-51 genes, which are typically associated with Acinetobacter baumannii, were detected in 16.7% and 20.8% of isolates, respectively. Moreover, the prevalence of virulence genes rmpA, acrAB, and tolC was 0%, 95.8%, and 87.5%, respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a high level of antibiotic resistance and a significant presence of virulence genes among K. pneumoniae isolates. Consequently, these findings represent a critical public health issue that requires heightened awareness among all stakeholders, including health workers.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Computational Modeling of a Novel CTX-M β-Lactamase Escherichia coli Isolated from Yogyakarta, Indonesia Using I-TASSER Anggiresti Kinasih, Endah Retnaningrum Indonesian Journal of Medical Laboratory Science a.2026; 8(1): 51. CrossRef
Genetic profiling of the tolC component of the acrAB-TolC efflux pump in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates: a cross-sectional study in Pontianak, Indonesia Mardhia Mardhia, Delima Fajar Liana, Sari Eka Pratiwi, Mahyarudin Mahyarudin, Risa Agustina Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2026; 17(3): 254. CrossRef
Objectives This study aimed to identify the optimal protein construction for designing a multi-epitope vaccine with both prophylactic and therapeutic effects against cervical cancer, utilizing an immunoinformatics approach. The construction process involved using capsid epitopes L1 and L2, as well as oncoproteins E5, E6, and E7 from human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18.
Methods An experimental in silico analysis with an immunoinformatics approach was used to develop 2 multi-epitope vaccine constructs (A and B). Further analysis was then conducted to compare the constructs and select the one with the highest potential against cervical cancer.
Results This study produced 2 antigenic, non-allergenic, and nontoxic multi-epitope vaccine constructs (A and B), which exhibited the ideal physicochemical properties for a vaccine. Further analysis revealed that construct B effectively induced both cellular and humoral immune responses.
Conclusion The multi-epitope vaccine construct B for HPV 16 and 18, designed for both prophylactic and therapeutic purposes, met the development criteria for a cervical cancer vaccine. However, these findings need to be validated through in vitro and in vivo experiments.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
In-silico design and evaluation of a novel mRNA vaccine against human bocavirus 1: A neglected viral pathogen Aleeza Rubab, Asifa Sarfraz, Muhammad Umer Khan, Khaled Fahmi Fawy, Mohibullah Shah Computers in Biology and Medicine.2026; 200: 111344. CrossRef
Design of a Multi‐Epitope Vaccine Targeting α‐Synuclein for Parkinson's Disease Using Immunoinformatics Tools Tatiane Batista dos Santos, Helena de Almeida Cerqueira Kodel, Geniana da Silva Gomes, Tatiane de Oliveira Xavier Machado, Dalton Ferreira Matos, Rafael Junqueira Borges, Daniela Droppa‐Almeida, Margarete Zanardo Gomes Peptide Science.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
In-silico design of a multi-epitope vaccine candidate against Strongyloides stercoralis Yanick Aqua Stong Tangan, G. Takop Nchanji, Eric Ndumu, Abey Blessings Ayuk, Kongnyu Brandon Ngala, Melvis Berinyuy Dulandzev, Ntang Emmaculate Yaah, Lahngong Methodius Shinyuy, Cabirou Mounchili Shintouo, Bernis Neneyoh Yengo, Andreen Egbe Enowkpen, Mary BMC Infectious Diseases.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The current landscape of therapeutic vaccination approaches for treatment of HPV-dependent malignancies Johanne Audouze-Chaud, Ann-Katrin Schlosser, Angelika B. Riemer npj Vaccines.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Design of Multi‐Epitope DIVA‐Compatible Vaccine Candidate Against Canine Parvovirus 2 Shubham Sharma, Pratishtha Sharma, Ravindra Pal Mandar, Ram Kumar, Ashok Gaur, Mamta Gurjar, Rajesh Singathia, Braj Nandan Shringi, Sunita Choudhary, Amit Kumar Pandey Journal of Molecular Recognition.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
A bioinformatics pipeline for the design of a SART3-targeted cancer vaccine with enhanced immunogenicity Zeynab Bayat, Faezeh Mahdian-Khoo, Lida Samie, Amir Taherkhani Genomics & Informatics.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Computational design of a novel chimeric multi-epitope vaccine against chlamydia trachomatis serovar a to prevent trachoma Muhammad Irsyad Amien, Bimanda Rizki Nurhidayat, Siti Ulfatur Rizqa, Siti Zahra Arfiani, Latiefah Noer Widiastuti, Galuh Prasasti Isbach Brazilian Journal of Microbiology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Immunoinformatics Approach to Develop a Novel Chimeric L1/L2 Messenger RNA-based Vaccine Targeting a Broad Spectrum of Human Papillomavirus Species Nshimiyimana Sylvere, James Kimotho, Caroline Wangari Ngugi World's Veterinary Journal.2025; 15(2): 341. CrossRef
Multi-epitope vaccine construct against
Staphylococcus aureus
: insights from immunoinformatics and molecular dynamics simulations
K. Nachammai, P. Sangavi, K. Abishek, K. Langeswaran SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research.2025; 36(9): 795. CrossRef
Designing a Multi-Epitope Vaccine Against HPV 16, 18, 33, and 45 Targeting L1 and E7 Proteins: An Immunoinformatics Approach for Cervical Cancer Prevention and Therapy Md. Touki Tahamid Tusar, Niamul Haq, Hafizur Rahman Gazi, Raduyan Farazi, Mamun Bhuya, Md. Enamul Haque, Md. Golzar Hossain, Abdullah-Al-Jubayer Bioinformatics and Biology Insights.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Modulation of epithelial homeostasis by HPV using Notch and Wnt June See Chong, John Doorbar Tumour Virus Research.2024; 18: 200297. CrossRef
First
Prev
