<sec><b>Objectives</b><p>The objective of this review is to propose an appropriate course of action for improving the guidelines followed by food handlers for control of infection. For this purpose, previous epidemiological reports related to acute gastroenteritis in food service businesses mediated by food handlers were intensively analyzed.</p></sec><sec><b>Methods</b><p>Relevant studies were identified in international databases. We selected eligible papers reporting foodborne infectious disease outbreaks. Among primary literature collection, the abstract of each article was investigated to find cases that absolutely identified a causative factor to be food handlers’ inappropriate infection control and the taxon of causative microbial agents by epidemiological methodologies. Information about the sites (type of food business) where the outbreaks occurred was investigated.</p></sec><sec><b>Results</b><p>A wide variety of causative microbial agents has been investigated, using several epidemiological methods. These agents have shown diverse propagation pathways based on their own molecular pathogenesis, physiology, taxonomy, and etiology.</p></sec><sec><b>Conclusion</b><p>Depending on etiology, transmission, propagation, and microbiological traits, we can predict the transmission characteristics of pathogens in food preparation areas. The infected food workers have a somewhat different ecological place in infection epidemiology as compared to the general population. However, the current Korean Food Safety Act cannot propose detailed guidelines. Therefore, different methodologies have to be made available to prevent further infections.</p></sec>
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<sec><b>Objectives</b><p>The objectives of this study were to evaluate the long-term effect of anti-platelet treatment on the radiological progression of collagen-induced arthritis in rats.</p></sec><sec><b>Methods</b><p>Female Lewis rats with collagen-induced arthritis were divided into three experimental groups: saline, aspirin monotherapy (n = 12), and aspirin–clopidogrel dual therapy (n = 12). Drugs were administered daily and continued up to 70 days after the induction of arthritis. The clinical arthritis index (weight, morphology score, and paw thickness) and radiological scores were evaluated.</p></sec><sec><b>Results</b><p>The clinical arthritis index peaked on day 20, while the radiological scores peaked on day 35. No intergroup difference was observed in the clinical arthritis index throughout the experiment. The aspirin–clopidogrel dual therapy group had a significantly higher mean radiological score than the other groups (<italic>p</italic> = 0.045) on day 35. Further treatments resulted in significantly improved radiological findings in the aspirin monotherapy and aspirin–clopidogrel dual therapy groups on day 70 but no significant improvement in the saline group.</p></sec><sec><b>Conclusion</b><p>Anti-platelet agent treatment improved radiological findings on day 70. These observations emphasize the importance of a future long-term study of the effects of anti-platelet agent treatment on arthritis.</p></sec>
<sec><b>Objectives</b><p>This research investigated the barriers, attitudes, and dietary behaviors related to sodium reduction among the elderly Korean–Chinese population in Yanbian, China.</p></sec><sec><b>Methods</b><p>We conducted this pilot study using both descriptive research and a focus group interview at the elderly community center in Yanbian.</p></sec><sec><b>Results</b><p>In total, 21 elderly Korean–Chinese (average age, 71 years) were examined. The findings showed that the top three barriers to sodium reduction were 1) the difficulties associated with having meals with others, 2) a preference for liquid based-dishes, and 3) the lack of taste in low-sodium dishes. Although the participants strongly believed that a reduced-sodium diet would improve their health, they were poorly aware of the amount of sodium in various foods and dishes. In particular, the focus group interviews with eight participants (mean age, 67 years) revealed that salt-preserved foods (e.g., Korean pickled cabbage called ‘<italic>kimchi</italic>’ and soybean paste) were frequently consumed as part of their food culture, and that very salty dishes were served at restaurants, both of which lead to a high sodium intake.</p></sec><sec><b>Conclusion</b><p>This study provides useful preliminary data to help design a nutrition intervention program for sodium reduction that targets the elderly Korean–Chinese population in China.</p></sec>
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<sec><b>Objectives</b><p>Few long-term studies have been conducted on the serotype and antibiotic resistance patterns of <italic>Salmonella</italic> speices (spp.) The aim of this study was to determine the serotypes and antibiotic resistance patterns of <italic>Salmonella</italic> spp. isolated at Jeollanam-do in Korea from 2004 to 2014.</p></sec><sec><b>Methods</b><p>A total of 276 <italic>Salmonella</italic> samples were evaluated. Serotyping was carried out according to the Kauffmann–White scheme. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the Vitek II system with an AST-N169 card.</p></sec><sec><b>Results</b><p>A total of 22 different serotypes were identified, and the major serotypes were <italic>Salmonella</italic> Enteritidis (116 strains, 42.0%) and <italic>Salmonella</italic> Typhimurium (60 strains, 21.7%). The highest resistance was observed in response to nalidixic acid (43.4%), followed by ampicillin (40.5%) and tetracycline (31.6%). Resistance to nalidixic acid was detected in 81.0% of <italic>S</italic>. Enteritidis. Multidrug resistance was detected in 43.3% of <italic>Salmonella</italic> spp. <italic>S</italic>. Enteritidis and <italic>S</italic>. Typhimurium presented the highest resistance (98.3%) and multidrug resistance rate (73.3%), respectively. The most highly observed antibiotic resistance pattern among <italic>Salmonella</italic> spp. in this study was ampicillin-chloramphenicol (14 strains, 5.7%),</p></sec><sec><b>Conclusion</b><p>Overall, <italic>S</italic>. Enteritidis and <italic>S</italic>. Typhimurium showed higher antibiotic resistance than the other <italic>Salmonella</italic> serotypes tested in this study. Our study will provide useful information for investigating the sources of <italic>Salmonella</italic> infections, as well as selecting effective antibiotics for treatment.</p></sec>
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<sec><b>Objectives</b><p>The genus <italic>Shigella</italic> comprises the most infectious and diarrheagenic bacteria causing severe diseases, mostly in children under five years of age. This study aimed to detect nine virulence genes (<italic>ipaBCD</italic>, <italic>VirA</italic>, <italic>sen</italic>, <italic>set1A</italic>, <italic>set1B</italic>, <italic>ial</italic>, <italic>ipaH</italic>, <italic>stx</italic>, and <italic>sat</italic>) in <italic>Shigella</italic> species (spp.) using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (MPCR) and to determine the relation of <italic>Shigella</italic> spp. from pediatric diarrheal samples with hospitalization and bloody diarrhea in Tehran, Iran.</p></sec><sec><b>Methods</b><p><italic>Shigella</italic> spp. were isolated and identified using standard microbiological and serological methods. The virulence genes were detected using MPCR.</p></sec><sec><b>Results</b><p>Seventy-five <italic>Shigella</italic> spp. (40 <italic>S. sonnei</italic>, 33 <italic>S. flexneri</italic>, 1 <italic>S. dysenteriae</italic>, and 1 <italic>S. boydii</italic>) were isolated in this study. The prevalence of <italic>ial</italic>, <italic>sen</italic>, <italic>sat</italic>, <italic>set1A</italic>, and <italic>set1B</italic> was 74.7%, 45.4%, 28%, 24%, and 24%, respectively. All <italic>S. flexneri</italic> isolates, while no <italic>S. sonnei</italic>, <italic>S. dysenteriae</italic>, or <italic>S. boydii</italic> isolates, contained <italic>sat</italic>, <italic>set1A</italic>, and <italic>set1B</italic>. All isolates were positive for <italic>ipaH</italic>, <italic>ipaBCD</italic>, and <italic>virA</italic>, while one (1.4%) of the isolates contained <italic>stx</italic>. The highest prevalence of virulence determinants was found in <italic>S. flexneri</italic> serotype IIa. Nineteen (57.6%) of 33 <italic>S. flexneri</italic> isolates were positive for <italic>ipaBCD</italic>, <italic>ipaH</italic>, <italic>virA</italic>, <italic>ial</italic>, and <italic>sat</italic>. The <italic>sen</italic> determinants were found to be statistically significantly associated with hospitalization and bloody diarrhea (<italic>p</italic> = 0.001).</p></sec><sec><b>Conclusion</b><p>This study revealed a high prevalence of enterotoxin genes in <italic>S. flexneri</italic>, especially in serotype 2a, and has presented relations between a few clinical features of shigellosis and numerous virulence determinants of clinical isolates of <italic>Shigella</italic> spp.</p></sec>
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Molecular characterization of Shigella species isolated from diarrheal patients in Tehran, Iran: phylogenetic typing and its association with virulence gene profiles and a novel description of Shigella invasion associated locus Sina Arabshahi, Aytak Novinrooz, Reza Ranjbar, Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infect.2020; 39(9): 1727. CrossRef
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<sec><b>Objectives</b><p>Estrogen is an important hormone for cell growth, development, and differentiation by transcriptional regulation and modulation of intracellular signaling via second messengers. The reduction in the estrogen level after ovariectomy may lead to cognitive impairments associated with morphological changes in areas of the brain mediate memory. The aim of the present study was to find out the effect of tasks on the cognitive function after ovariectomy in rats.</p></sec><sec><b>Methods</b><p>The animals used in the experiment were 50 Sprague-Dawley female rats. This study applied a hippocampus-independent task (wheel running) and a hippocampus-dependent task (Morris water maze) after ovariectomy in rats and measured the cognitive performance (object-recognition and object-location test) and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) and neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) expression in the hippocampus, which is an important center for memory and learning.</p></sec><sec><b>Results</b><p>There were meaningful differences between the hippocampus-independent and hippocampus-dependent task groups for the object-location test and GAP-43 and NT-3 expression in the hippocampus, but not the object-recognition test. However, the hippocampus-independent task group showed a significant improvement in the object-recognition test, compared to the control group.</p></sec><sec><b>Conclusion</b><p>These results suggest that hippocampus-dependent task training after ovariectomy enhances the hippocampus-related memory and cognitive function that are associated with morphological and functional changes in the cells of the hippocampus.</p></sec>
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