- Epidemiological Characterization of Imported Systemic Mycoses Occurred in Korea
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Seung-Hak Cho, Young-Bin Yu, Je-Seop Park, Keun-Dol Yook, Young-Kwon Kim
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Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2018;9(5):255-260. Published online October 31, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.5.07
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Objectives
Imported systemic mycoses is a severe fungal infection that can cause diseases in healthy people. However, there is a serious lack of epidemiological data about imported systemic mycoses. Therefore, an epidemiological characterization of imported systemic mycoses in Korea was performed.
Methods
We collected health insurance data between 2008 and 2012 from the Health Insurance Corporation and analyzed the data to determine the prevalence and treatment management of imported systemic mycoses.
Results
The prevalence of imported systemic mycoses between 2008 and 2012 increased slowly by 0.49/100,000 to 0.53/100,000 persons. The prevalence of coccidioidomycosis increased from 0.28/100,000 in 2008 to 0.36/100,000 persons in 2012. A mean of 229.6 cases occurred each year. Children and the elderly showed higher prevalence than adults in the 20- to 59-year-old age group. The rate of infection according to region ranged from 0.18/100,000 persons in Ulsan, to 0.59/100,000 persons in Gyeonggi. The prevalence in females was higher than that in males. Inpatient treatment was 3.3% (38 cases), with 96.7% treated as outpatients. Hospitalizations cost 272.7 million won and outpatient treatments cost 111.7 million won. The treatment cost for coccidioidomycosis from 2008 to 2012 was 330.9 million won, with personal charges of 79.2 million won and insurance charges of 251.7 million won. Most of the expenses for the coccidioidomycosis treatment were for inpatient treatment.
Conclusion
The results in this study may be a useful resource for determining the changes in the trend of imported systemic mycoses.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by 
- Characterization of Clostridium difficile Strains Isolated from Patients with C. difficile-associated Disease in Korea
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Seung-Hak Cho, Jung-Whan Chon, Kun-Ho Seo, Young Kwon Kim, Jung-Beom Kim, Young-Seok Bak, Woon-Won Jung, Cheorl-Ho Kim, Jong Tae Choi
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Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2017;8(5):325-331. Published online October 31, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.5.06
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3,090
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- Objectives
Studies on Clostridium difficile are rare in Korea. We investigated the epidemiological characteristics of C. difficile isolates from patients with C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD) in Korea. MethodsMultiplex polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the presence of tcdA and tcdB toxin genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out by the disk-dilution method. C. difficile strains were subtyped by automated repetitive-element palindromic PCR (rep-PCR). ResultsAmong patients with CDAD, 73 (25.8%), 32 (11.3%), 32 (11.3%), and 26 (9.2%) suffered from pneumonia, cancer or neoplasm, diabetes, and colitis, respectively. Of all stool samples, 43 samples (15.2%) were positive for C. difficile strains. We observed two expression patterns of toxin genes: tcdA+/tcdB+ (86% isolates) and tcdA−/tcdB+ (14% isolates), with all isolates expressing tcdB. Furthermore, some isolates were resistant to clindamycin (65%), ampicillin (56%), and cefazolin (40%), but all were susceptible to vancomycin and metronidazole. The tested samples were classified into diverse clusters using automated rep-PCR. ConclusionOur findings revealed the characteristics and antibiotic resistance of C. difficile isolates from patients in Korea. The epidemiological data may provide valuable insight into development of treatment strategies for C. difficile infections in Korea.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by - Metronidazole therapy as initial treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with chronic kidney disease in Korea
Jaeuk Shin, Yu Mi Wi, Yu-Ji Lee
Epidemiology and Infection.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
- Epidemiological Characterization of Skin Fungal Infections Between the Years 2006 and 2010 in Korea
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Sang-Ha Kim, Seung-Hak Cho, Seung-Ki Youn, Je-Seop Park, Jong Tae Choi, Young-Seok Bak, Young-Bin Yu, Young Kwon Kim
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Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2015;6(6):341-345. Published online December 31, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.10.012
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3,017
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23
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9
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Abstract
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- Objectives
The purpose of this study was to build and provide a basic database of skin fungal infections for the effective management of skin fungal infections in the future.
Methods
We collected health insurance data between the years 2006 and 2010 from the Health Insurance Corporation (Seoul, Korea) and analyzed the data to determine the prevalence and treatment management of skin fungal infections.
Results
Skin fungal infections were divided into two groups: namely dermatophytosis and other superficial mycoses. Dermatophytosis showed a higher prevalence (16,035,399 cases) than the other superficial mycoses (794,847 cases) within the study period. The prevalence rate decreased consecutively by 0.01% to 0.19% every year. The prevalence according to region showed that Jeolla-do had a high prevalence distribution. The prevalences in men and women were similar (7.01% vs. 6.26%). It is interesting to note that adults from the 50–79-year age group showed a higher prevalence than children and young adults. The average convalescence time (days) of dermatophytosis was longer than that of other superficial mycoses. The total medical expenses were also much higher in dermatophytosis than in the other superficial mycoses.
Conclusion
This study provides useful data for study trends of skin fungal infections.
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Citations
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Bakhtawar Usman, Abdul Rehman, Iffat Naz, Muhammad Anees
Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Discovery of a novel and selective fungicide that targets fungal cell wall to treat dermatomycoses: 1,3‐bis(3,4‐dichlorophenoxy)propan‐2‐aminium chloride
Daiane Flores Dalla Lana, Stefânia Neiva Lavorato, Laura Minussi Giuliani, Letícia Cruz, William Lopes, Marilene Henning Vainstein, Igor Camargo Fontana, Aline Rigon Zimmer, Murillo Araújo Freitas, Saulo Fernandes Andrade, Ricardo José Alves, Alexandre Me
Mycoses.2020; 63(2): 197. CrossRef - Voriconazole-natural latex dressings for treating infected Candida spp. skin ulcers
Thainá V da Silva, Natan R de Barros, Caroline B Costa-Orlandi, Jean L Tanaka, Lincoln G Moro, Giovana S Pegorin, Kassandra SM Oliveira, Maria JS Mendes-Gianinni, Ana M Fusco-Almeida, Rondinelli D Herculano
Future Microbiology.2020; 15(15): 1439. CrossRef - The Pathogenesis of Fungal-Related Diseases and Allergies in the African Population: The State of the Evidence and Knowledge Gaps
Lorraine Tsitsi Pfavayi, Elopy Nimele Sibanda, Francisca Mutapi
International Archives of Allergy and Immunology.2020; 181(4): 257. CrossRef - Medicinal Importance of Azo and Hippuric Acid Derivatives
Tehreem Tahir, Muhammad Ashfaq, Humna Asghar, Mirza I. Shahzad, Rukhsana Tabassum, Areeba Ashfaq
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry.2019; 19(9): 708. CrossRef - Evaluation of antifungal activity of blended cinnamon oil and usnic acid nanoemulsion using candidiasis and dermatophytosis models
Peeyush kumar, P.W. Ramteke, Avinash C. Pandey, Himanshu Pandey
Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology.2019; 18: 101062. CrossRef - A novel approach for skin infections: Controlled release topical mats of poly(lactic acid)/poly(ethylene succinate) blends containing Voriconazole
Neslihan Üstündağ Okur, Maria Filippousi, Mehmet Evren Okur, Şule Ayla, Emre Şefik Çağlar, Ayşegül Yoltaş, Panoraia I. Siafaka
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology.2018; 46: 74. CrossRef - Serious fungal infections in Korea
K. Huh, Y. E. Ha, D. W. Denning, K. R. Peck
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infect.2017; 36(6): 957. CrossRef - Epidemiology of Fungal Infections in Patients Admitted via Emergency Department in Korea (2011~2013)
서영우, 장태창, 박준수
Korean Journal of Medical Mycology.2016; 21(4): 111. CrossRef
- Possibility of CTX-M-14 Gene Transfer from Shigella sonnei to a Commensal Escherichia coli Strain of the Gastroenteritis Microbiome
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Seung-Hak Cho, Soon Young Han, Yeon-Ho Kang
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Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2014;5(3):156-160. Published online June 30, 2014
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2014.04.007
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2,145
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Abstract
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- Objectives
To investigated whether the CTX-M-14 gene could be transferred from a clinical Shigella sonnei strain to commensal Escherichia coli strain in the gastroenteritis microbiome.
Methods
E. coli strains were isolated from 30 stool samples of S. sonnei infected students in a gastroenteritis outbreak in 2004 and were characterized by antibiotic resistance analysis, in vitro conjugation and in vivo transfer of CTX-M-14 gene and molecular assays.
Results
One strain of Escherichia coli that had high levels of resistance to cefotaxime was isolated from a patient infected with S. sonnei. Isoelectric focusing showed that the E. coli and S. sonnei strains produced a β-lactamase with an isoelectric point of 8.1. Moreover, polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that both strains possessed the same DNA sequences for CTX-M-14. The results of in vitro and in vivo conjugation showed that the efficiency of CTX-M-14 transfer from S. sonnei to E. coli was similar to CTX-M-14 transfer between E. coli strains.
Conclusion
The data suggest that the acquisition of the extended-spectrum β-lactamases gene by pathogenic bacteria in the human intestinal tract to commensal microbiome bacteria can cause serious infectious diseases.
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Citations
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Adam Lepczyński, Agnieszka Herosimczyk, Mateusz Bucław, Michalina Adaszyńska-Skwirzyńska
Physical Sciences Reviews.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Healthy broilers disseminate antibiotic resistance in response to tetracycline input in feed concentrates
S. Sreejith, Shamna Shajahan, P.R. Prathiush, V.M. Anjana, Arathy Viswanathan, Vishnu Chandran, G.S. Ajith Kumar, R. Jayachandran, Jyothis Mathew, E.K. Radhakrishnan
Microbial Pathogenesis.2020; 149: 104562. CrossRef - Molecular Characterization of Resistance Genes in MDR-ESKAPE Pathogens
Masoumeh Navidinia, Mehdi Goudarzi, Samira Molaei Rameshe, Zahra Farajollahi, Pedram Ebadi Asl, Saeed Zaka khosravi, Mohammad Reza Mounesi
Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology.2017; 11(2): 779. CrossRef
- Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Fishery Workers
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Hyun-Ho Shin, Seung-Hak Cho
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Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2013;4(2):72-75. Published online April 30, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2013.03.001
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2,260
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15
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6
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Abstract
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- Objectives
This study aimed to characterize the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from the fecal samples of fishery workers who work in fish farms and often use antibiotics for the feeding fishes.
Methods
Seventy-three E. coli strains isolated from the fecal samples of fishery workers and 180 isolates from a control group of restaurant workers were tested for antibiotic resistance by agar disk diffusion with 16 antimicrobial agents.
Results
About 30% of isolates from each group showed antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin, and 60% of isolates from fishery workers and 41% from restaurant workers were resistant to tetracycline. The isolates showed higher resistance to cephalothin and cefoxitin than to other cephem antibiotics and to gentamicin than to other aminogycosides. Our data indicated that fecal E. coli isolates from fishery workers showed higher antibiotic resistance than those of non-fishery workers (restaurant workers), especially to cephalothin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (p < 0.05). However, rates of multidrug resistance were similar among the fishery workers and restaurant workers.
Conclusion
Frequent use of antibiotics may cause increased antibiotic resistance in the human microbiome.
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Citations
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P. Baskaran, K.D. Nisha, S. Harish, H. Ikeda, J. Archana, M. Navaneethan
Journal of Alloys and Compounds.2022; 894: 162166. CrossRef - Influence of Na2S treatment on CZTS/Mo interface in Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells annealed in sulfur-free atmosphere
Jie Guo, Shuaihui Sun, Bin Liu, Ruiting Hao, Licun Sun
Optik.2021; 242: 166998. CrossRef - Evaluating antimicrobial resistance in the global shrimp industry
Kelly Thornber, David Verner‐Jeffreys, Steve Hinchliffe, Muhammad Meezanur Rahman, David Bass, Charles R. Tyler
Reviews in Aquaculture.2020; 12(2): 966. CrossRef - Antibiotic-resistant pathogens in the occupational environment
Anna Ławniczek-Wałczyk, Rafał L. Górny
Occupational Safety – Science and Practice.2019; 579(12): 9. CrossRef - Human, animal and environmental contributors to antibiotic resistance in low-resource settings: integrating behavioural, epidemiological and One Health approaches
Emily K. Rousham, Leanne Unicomb, Mohammad Aminul Islam
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sci.2018; 285(1876): 20180332. CrossRef - Possibility of CTX-M-14 Gene Transfer from Shigella sonnei to a Commensal Escherichia coli Strain of the Gastroenteritis Microbiome
Seung-Hak Cho, Soon Young Han, Yeon-Ho Kang
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2014; 5(3): 156. CrossRef
- Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated From Healthy Poultry and Swine Farm Workers Using Antibiotics in Korea
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Seung-Hak Cho, Yeong-Sik Lim, Yeon-Ho Kang
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Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2012;3(3):151-155. Published online June 30, 2012
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2012.07.002
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2,129
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20
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20
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Abstract
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- Objectives
The aim of this study is to compare the antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from faecal samples of workers who often use antibiotics.
Methods
A total of 163E coli strains isolated from faecal samples of livestock workers (poultry and swine farm workers) and restaurant workers in the same regions as a control group were analyzed by agar disc diffusion to determine their susceptibility patterns to 16 antimicrobial agents.
Results
Most of the tested isolates showed high antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. The isolates showed higher resistance to cephalothin than other antibiotics among the cephems. Among the aminoglycosides, the resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin occurred at higher frequencies compared with resistance to amikacin and netilmicin. Our data indicated that faecal E coli isolates of livestock workers showed higher antibiotic resistances than nonlivestock workers (restaurant workers), especially cephalothin, gentamicin, and tobramycin (p < 0.05). Moreover, the rates of the livestock workers in the association of multidrug resistance were also higher than the rates of the restaurant workers.
Conclusion
This study implies that usage of antibiotics may contribute to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in commensal E coli strains of humans.
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Environmental Science and Pollution Research.2021; 28(22): 28556. CrossRef - Analysis of drug sensitivity of Escherichia Coli O157H7
Minzi Xu, Zhenyu Liu, Yanbo Song, Runan Zhao, Zheng Yang, Huijin Zhao, Xiaobing Sun, Yaning Gu, Huifei Yang
Biomedical Microdevices.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - One Health of Peripheries: Biopolitics, Social Determination, and Field of Praxis
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Zohreh Pourhossein, Leila Asadpour, Hadi Habibollahi, Seyedeh Tooba Shafighi
Gene Reports.2020; 21: 100926. CrossRef - Prevalence and risk factors for multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli among poultry workers in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria
Mabel Kamweli Aworh, Jacob Kwaga, Emmanuel Okolocha, Nwando Mba, Siddhartha Thakur, Grzegorz Woźniakowski
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(11): e0225379. CrossRef - High genomic diversity of multi-drug resistant wastewater Escherichia coli
Norhan Mahfouz, Serena Caucci, Eric Achatz, Torsten Semmler, Sebastian Guenther, Thomas U. Berendonk, Michael Schroeder
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Shengnan Zhao, Chia-Lan Wang, Shao-Kuang Chang, Yi-Lun Tsai, Chung-Hsi Chou
Avian Diseases.2018; 63(1): 9. CrossRef - Changes in antimicrobial resistance patterns and dominance of extended spectrum β-lactamase genes among faecal Escherichia coli isolates from broilers and workers during two rearing periods
Fatemeh Doregiraee, Masoud Alebouyeh, Bahar Nayeri Fasaei, Saeed Charkhkar, Elahe Tajeddin, Mohammad Reza Zali
Italian Journal of Animal Science.2018; 17(3): 815. CrossRef - Oxytetracycline reduces the diversity of tetracycline-resistance genes in the Galleria mellonella gut microbiome
Katarzyna Ignasiak, Anthony Maxwell
BMC Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - Antimicrobial Resistance and the Presence of Virulence Genes in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Ruditapes philippinarum in Gomso Bay, Korea
Tae-Ok Kim, In-Seon Eom, Kwang-Ho Park, Kwon-Sam Park
Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences.2016; 49(6): 800. CrossRef - High prevalence of cross-resistance to fluoroquinolone and cotrimoxazole in tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli human clinical isolates
Eric Batard, Mathilde Lefebvre, Guillaume Ghislain Aubin, Nathalie Caroff, Stéphane Corvec
Journal of Chemotherapy.2016; 28(6): 510. CrossRef - Soil-borne reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are established following therapeutic treatment of dairy calves
Jinxin Liu, Zhe Zhao, Lisa Orfe, Murugan Subbiah, Douglas R. Call
Environmental Microbiology.2016; 18(2): 557. CrossRef - Antibiotic Resistance in Airborne Bacteria Near Conventional and Organic Beef Cattle Farms in California, USA
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Water, Air, & Soil Pollution.2016;[Epub] CrossRef - Transport of Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids in Porous Media
Chaoqi Chen, Jing Li, Stephanie L. DeVries, Pengfei Zhang, Xiqing Li
Vadose Zone Journal.2015; 14(3): vzj2014.06.0068. CrossRef - Possibility of CTX-M-14 Gene Transfer from Shigella sonnei to a Commensal Escherichia coli Strain of the Gastroenteritis Microbiome
Seung-Hak Cho, Soon Young Han, Yeon-Ho Kang
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2014; 5(3): 156. CrossRef - A survey of the frequency of aminoglycoside antibiotic-resistant genotypes and phenotypes inEscherichia coliin broilers with septicaemia in Hebei, China
F.Y. Zhang, S.Y. Huo, Y.R. Li, R. Xie, X.J. Wu, L.G. Chen, Y.H. Gao
British Poultry Science.2014; 55(3): 305. CrossRef - Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Fishery Workers
Hyun-Ho Shin, Seung-Hak Cho
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(2): 72. CrossRef
- Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli Fecal Isolates From Healthy Persons and Patients With Diarrhea
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Seung-Hak Cho, Yeong-Sik Lim, Mi-Sun Park, Seong-Han Kim, Yeon-Ho Kang
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Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2011;2(1):41-45. Published online June 30, 2011
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2011.05.003
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2,160
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16
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10
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Abstract
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- Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in fecal Escherichia coli isolates from healthy persons and patients with diarrhea.
Methods
E. coli isolates (n = 428) were obtained from fecal samples of apparently healthy volunteers and hospitalized patients with diarrhea. Susceptibility patterns of isolates to 16 antimicrobial agents were determined by agar disc diffusion.
Results
Most E. coli isolates exhibited less than 10% resistance against imipenem, cefotetan, aztreonam, cefepime, cefoxitin, amikacin and netilamicin, although greater than 65% were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline. No significant difference in resistance rates for all tested antibiotics was found between isolates from the healthy-and diarrheal-patient groups, including for multi-drug resistance (p = 0.22). The highest number of resistant antibiotics was 12 antibiotics. No significant differences in antibiotic resistance were found among the sex and age strata for isolates from healthy individuals. However, antibiotic resistance rates to cefoxitin, cefotaxime, amikacin, and netilamicin were significantly higher in the isolates of men than those of women (p < 0.05) in isolates from patients with diarrhea. Furthermore, isolates from patients with diarrhea older than 40-years of age showed higher resistance to cefepime and aztreonam (p < 0.05).
Conclusion
High resistance to the antibiotics most frequently prescribed for diarrhea was found in isolates from patients with diarrhea and apparently healthy individuals without any significant difference.
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International Journal of Environmental Research an.2018; 15(4): 617. CrossRef - Antimicrobial resistance profiles and molecular characterization of Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy adults in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Mahwish Younas, Fariha Siddiqui, Zobia Noreen, Syeda Sadia Bokhari, Oscar G. Gomez-Duarte, Brendan W. Wren, Habib Bokhari
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medi.2016; 110(7): 414. CrossRef - Possibility of CTX-M-14 Gene Transfer from Shigella sonnei to a Commensal Escherichia coli Strain of the Gastroenteritis Microbiome
Seung-Hak Cho, Soon Young Han, Yeon-Ho Kang
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2014; 5(3): 156. CrossRef - Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Fishery Workers
Hyun-Ho Shin, Seung-Hak Cho
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(2): 72. CrossRef - The Road Less Traveled
Chaeshin Chu
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2011; 2(1): 1. CrossRef
- Distribution of Virulence Genes and Their Association of Serotypes in Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates From Diarrheal Patients in Korea
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Seung-Hak Cho, Kyung-Hwan Oh, Seong-Han Kim, Hee-Bok Oh, Mi-Sun Park
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Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2010;1(1):29-35. Published online December 31, 2010
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2010.12.008
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2,381
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Abstract
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- Objectives
To characterise the genetic and serological diversity of pathogenic Escherichia coli, we tested 111 E coli strains isolated from diarrhoeal patients in Korea between 2003 and 2006.
Methods
The isolates were tested through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and slide agglutination method for the detection of virulence genes and serotypes, respectively. To compare the expression of Shiga toxin (stx)-1 and stx2 genes, real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR and rapid exprssion assay, reversed-passive latex agglutination, were performed.
Results
Forty-nine Shiga toxin-producing E coli (STEC) strains and 62 non-STEC strains, including 20 enteropathogenic E coli, 20 enterotoxigenic E coli, 20 enteroaggregative E coli, and 2 enteroinvasive E coli were randomly chosen from the strains isolated from diarrhoeal patients in Korea between 2003 and 2006. PCR analysis indicated that locus of enterocyte effacement pathogenicity island, that is, eaeA, espADB, and tir genes were present in STEC, enteropathogenic E coli, and enteroinvasive E coli. Quorum sensing-related gene luxS was detected in most of pathogenic E coli strains. Major serotypes of the STEC strains were O157 (26%) and O26 (20%), whereas the non-STEC strains possessed various serotypes. Especially, all the strains with serotype O157 carried stx2 and the tested virulence factors. Of the STEC strains, the data of real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR and reversed-passive latex agglutination tests showed that messenger RNA- and protein expression of stx2 gene were higher than those of stx1 gene.
Conclusion
Our results provide the epidemiological information regarding the trend of STEC and non-STEC infections in the general population and show the fundamental data in association of serotypes with virulence genes in diarrhoeagenic E coli strains from Korea.
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Citations
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