Department of Physical Therapy, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea
Copyright ©2020, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Normal (n = 2,663) | RVD (n = 315) | OVD (n = 488) | |
---|---|---|---|
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (%)* | 13.7 | 26.4 | 23.0 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)* | 104.10 ± 0.651† | 113.47 ± 2.267‡ | 107.74 ± 1.183§ |
Age (y)* | 54.15 ± 0.261† | 57.92 ± 0.660‡ | 62.84 ± 0.568§ |
Male (%)* | 48.3 | 52.3 | 78.5 |
BMI (kg/m2)* | 24.44 ± 0.071† | 26.07 ± 0.217‡ | 24.24 ± 0.146†§ |
Waist circumference (cm)* | 83.86 ± 0.213† | 88.60 ± 0.591‡ | 86.67 ± 0.429§ |
Systolic BP (mmHg)* | 120.95 ± 0.384† | 125.54 ± 1.044‡ | 124.96 ± 0.740‡§ |
Diastolic BP (mmHg)* | 77.86 ± 0.241† | 78.62 ± 0.760† | 76.73 ± 0.541‡ |
Total cholesterol* | 199.18 ± 0.866† | 194.11 ± 2.238‡ | 192.24 ± 2.006§ |
LDL-cholesterol* | 117.54 ± 0.792† | 114.87 ± 2.012†‡ | 113.75 ± 1.980‡ |
HDL-cholesterol* | 48.55 ± 0.328† | 45.60 ± 0.784‡ | 45.70 ± 0.578‡§ |
Triglyceride* | 194.78 ± 5.101† | 198.25 ± 8.427‡ | 187.34 ± 6.925†‡ |
Smoking status (%)* (non-/ex-/current smoker) | 55.1/23.6/21.3 | 55.1/24.7/20.3 | 30.2/36.6/33.2 |
Drinking (%) (non-/currently drinking) | 26.2/75.5 | 32.4/67.6 | 24.5/75.5 |
FVC (% predicted)* | 95.301 ± 0.209† | 74.788 ± 0.003‡ | 90.923 ± 0.814§ |
FEV 1* | 2.932 ± 0.0156† | 2.295 ± 0.034‡ | 2.431 ± 0.036§ |
FEV1/FVC* | 0.793 ± 0.001† | 0.795 ± 0.003† | 0.643 ± 0.003‡ |
Data are presented as means ± SD or n (%).
* p < 0.05 by ANOVA or chi-square test.
†, ‡, § The same letters indicate non-significant difference between groups based on Bonferoni multiple comparison test.
RVD = restrictive ventilatory dysfunction; OVD = obstructive ventilatory dysfunction; BMI = body mass index; WC = waist circumference; TG = triglyceride; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL = high density lipoprotein; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; FBS = fasting blood sugar; FVC = forced vital capacity; FEV = forced expiratory volume.
Normal (n = 1,820) | IFG (n = 1,065) | T2DM (n = 581) | |
---|---|---|---|
Rvd (%)* | 6.2 | 9.9 | 14.3 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)* | 91.20 ± 0.148† | 107.27 ± 0.219‡ | 148.12 ± 1.869§ |
Age (y)* | 54.28 ± 0.310† | 55.85 ± 0.370‡ | 59.70 ± 0.502§ |
Male (%)* | 43.7 | 62.2 | 63.1 |
BMI (kg/m2)* | 23.91 ± 0.078† | 25.25 ± 0.17‡ | 25.62 ± 0.154§ |
Waist circumference (cm)* | 82.21 ± 0.239† | 86.87 ± 0.285‡ | 88.227 ± 0.368§ |
Systolic BP (mmHg)* | 119.25 ± 0.442† | 124.14 ± 0.550‡ | 126.07 ± 0.722§ |
Diastolic BP (mmHg)* | 77.01 ± 0.277† | 79.49 ± 0.376‡ | 76.71 ± 0.490†§ |
Total cholesterol* | 198.32 ± 0.944† | 201.15 ± 1.214‡ | 189.59 ± 2.107§ |
LDL-cholesterol* | 118.67 ± 0.901† | 119.05 ± 1.157‡ | 106.28 ± 1.731§ |
HDL-cholesterol* | 50.06 ± 0.391† | 46.60 ± 0.402‡ | 43.46 ± 0.531§ |
Triglyceride* | 162.2978 ± 4.026† | 214.11 ± 6.750‡ | 258.47 ± 11.836§ |
Smoking status (%)* (non-/ex-/current smoker) | 59.4/20.9/19.7 | 43.6/30.5/25.9 | 43.2/30.0/26.8 |
Drinking (%)* (non-/currently drinking) | 27.6/72.4 | 22.2/77.8 | 31.3/68.7 |
FVC (% predicted)* | 94.517 ± 0.296† | 91.847 ± 0.403‡ | 89.883 ± 0.561§ |
FEV1* | 2.801 ± 0.019† | 2.872 ± 0.025‡ | 2.716 ± 0.037§ |
FEV1/FVC* | 0.779 ± 0.001† | 0.770 ± 0.002‡ | 0.759 ± 0.004§ |
Data are presented as means ± SD or n (%).
* p < 0.05 by ANOVA or chi-square test.
†, ‡, § The same letters indicate non-significant difference between groups based on Bonferoni multiple comparison test.
BMI = body mass index; IFG = impaired fasting glucose; WC = waist circumference; TG = triglyceride; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL = high density lipoprotein; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; FBS = fasting blood sugar; FVC = forced vital capacity; FEV = forced expiratory volume.
Ventilatory dysfunction | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p | |
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Model 1 | Normal | 1 (reference) | ||
Restrictive | 1.889** | 1.341–2.611 | < 0.001 | |
Obstructive | 1.171 | 0.865–1.586 | 0.306 | |
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Model 2 | Normal | 1 | ||
Restrictive | 1.633* | 1.151–2.318 | 0.006 | |
Obstructive | 1.093 | 0.805–1.484 | 0.569 | |
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Model 3 | Normal | 1 | ||
Restrictive | 1.650* | 1.151–2.366 | 0.007 | |
Obstructive | 1.162 | 0.850–1.588 | 0.347 | |
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Model 4 | Normal | 1 | ||
Restrictive | 1.615* | 1.137–2.294 | 0.008 | |
Obstructive | 1.169 | 0.857–1.594 | 0.323 |
Model 1: adjusted for age, gender.
Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, waist circumference.
Model 3: adjusted for variables in Model 2 + total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride.
Model 4: adjusted for variables in Model 3 + systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, smoking status.
Reference category: individuals with non-type 2 DM.
* p < 0.01,
** p < 0.001.
Fasting glucose | Restrictive | Obstructive | |
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Normal | 1 (reference) | 1 |
Prediabetes (100–125) | 1.559 (1.617–2.082)* | 0.805 (0.585–1.106) | |
T2DM (≥ 126) | 2.320 (1.611–3.343)** | 1.063 (0.770–1.468) | |
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Model 2 | Normal | 1 | 1 |
Prediabetes (100–125) | 1.259 (0.943–1.681) | 0.779 (0.565–1.075) | |
T2DM (≥ 126) | 1.835 (1.261–2.670)* | 0.976 (0.706–1.350) | |
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Model 3 | Normal | 1 | 1 |
Prediabetes (100–125) | 1.295 (0.971–1.726) | 0.803 (0.584–1.104) | |
T2DM (≥ 126) | 1.882 (1.281–2.766)* | 1.049 (0.7560–1.457) | |
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Model 4 | Normal | 1 | 1 |
Prediabetes (100–125) | 1.289 (0.966–1.720) | 0.801 (0.581–1.104) | |
T2DM (≥ 126) | 1.837 (1.260–2.679)* | 1.054 (0.761–1.460) |
Model 1: adjusted for age, gender.
Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, waist circumference.
Model 3: adjusted for variables in Model 2 + total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride.
Model 4: adjusted for variables in Model 3 + systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, smoking status.
Reference category: individuals with normal spirometry.
* p < 0.01,
** p < 0.001.
T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus.