Table 1Demographic and health-related characteristics of elderly Korean individuals
Characteristic |
All participants (n = 10,279) |
Young-old group (n = 6,111) |
Old-old group (n = 4,168) |
χ2 or ta
|
Education (y) |
|
|
|
494.09 |
≤ 6 |
6,213 (60.4) |
3,153 (51.6) |
3,061 (73.4) |
|
> 6 |
4,066 (39.6) |
2,959 (48.4) |
1,107 (26.6) |
|
Gender |
|
|
|
101.11 |
Male |
4,292 (41.8) |
2,799 (45.8) |
1,493 (35.8) |
|
Female |
5,987 (58.2) |
3,312 (54.2) |
2,675 (64.2) |
|
Occupational status |
|
|
|
94.22 |
Currently employed |
2,970 (28.9) |
2,175 (35.6) |
795 (19.1) |
|
Unemployed |
7,309 (71.1) |
3,936 (64.4) |
3,373 (80.9) |
|
Living status |
|
|
|
277.64 |
Alone |
2,390 (23.2) |
1,070 (17.5) |
1,320 (31.7) |
|
Not alone |
7,890 (76.8) |
5,041 (82.5) |
2,848 (68.3) |
|
Residential location |
|
|
|
94.22 |
Urban |
7,870 (76.6) |
4,884 (79.4) |
2,986 (71.6) |
|
Rural |
2,409 (23.4) |
1,227 (20.1) |
1,182 (28.4) |
|
Number of comorbid diseases |
2.6 ± 1.8 |
2.4 ± 1.8 |
2.8 ± 1.8 |
−9.79 |
Smoking |
|
|
|
59.44 |
Yes |
1,221 (11.9) |
850 (13.9) |
370 (8.9) |
|
No |
9,058 (88.1) |
5,261 (86.1) |
3,797 (91.1) |
|
Alcohol consumption |
|
|
|
203.20 |
Yes |
2,842 (27.6) |
2,007 (32.8) |
834 (20.0) |
|
No |
7,438 (72.4) |
4,104 (67.2) |
3,333 (80.0) |
|
Body mass index |
|
|
|
163.44 |
Normal |
4,592 (44.7) |
2,412 (39.5) |
2,180 (52.3) |
|
Overweight or obese |
5,670 (55.2) |
3,686 (60.3) |
1,984 (47.6) |
|
Missing data |
18 (0.2) |
13 (0.2) |
4 (0.1) |
|
Depressive symptoms |
|
|
|
220.58 |
Yes |
3,397 (33.0) |
1,671 (27.3) |
1,726 (41.4) |
|
No |
6,864 (66.8) |
4,428 (72.5) |
2,436 (58.5) |
|
Missing data |
18 (0.2) |
13 (0.2) |
5 (0.1) |
|
Hearing difficulties |
|
|
|
466.54 |
Yes |
2,531 (24.6) |
1,041 (17.0) |
1,490 (35.7) |
|
No |
7,748 (75.4) |
5,070 (83.0) |
2,678 (64.3) |
|
Visual difficulties |
|
|
|
154.50 |
Yes |
4,055 (39.4) |
2,108 (34.5) |
1,947 (46.7) |
|
No |
6,224 (60.6) |
4,004 (65.5) |
2,221 (53.3) |
|
Table 2Leisure activities and cognitive impairment
Category |
All participants (n = 10,279) |
Young-old group (n = 6,111) |
Old-old group (n = 4,168) |
χ2 (p) |
Non-exercise physical activities |
|
|
|
130.00 (< 0.001) |
Yes |
3,215 (31.3) |
2,175 (35.6) |
1,040 (25.0) |
|
No |
7,064 (68.7) |
3,936 (64.4) |
3,128 (75.0) |
|
Cognitive activities |
|
|
|
8.39 (0.004) |
Yes |
8,489 (82.6) |
5,102 (83.5) |
3,387 (81.3) |
|
No |
1,790 (17.4) |
1,009 (16.5) |
781 (18.7) |
|
Cognitive impairment |
|
|
|
59.06 (< 0.001) |
Yes |
3,225 (31.4) |
1,740 (28.5) |
1,486 (35.6) |
|
No |
7,054 (68.6) |
4,371 (71.5) |
2,682 (64.4) |
|
Table 3Differences in cognitive impairment according to socio-demographic and health-related characteristics
Characteristic |
Young-old group (n = 6,111) |
χ2 or t (p) |
Old-old group (n = 4,168) |
χ2 or t (p) |
|
|
Normal (n = 4,371) |
Impairment (n = 1,740) |
Normal (n = 2,682) |
Impairment (n = 1,486) |
Education (y) |
|
|
0.01 (0.927) |
|
|
18.32 (< 0.001) |
|
≤ 6 |
2,257 (51.6) |
895 (51.5) |
|
2,028 (75.6) |
1,032 (69.4) |
|
|
> 6 |
2,114 (48.4) |
844 (48.5) |
|
654 (24.4) |
454 (30.6) |
|
|
Gender |
2.48 (0.116) |
0.12 (0.725) |
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
1,974 (45.2) |
825 (47.4) |
|
955 (35.6) |
538 (36.2) |
|
|
Female |
2,398 (54.8) |
915 (52.6) |
|
1,727 (64.4) |
948 (63.8) |
|
|
Occupational status |
|
|
0.10 (0.758) |
|
|
20.12 (< 0.001) |
|
Currently employed |
1,550 (35.5) |
625 (35.9) |
|
566 (21.1) |
228 (15.4) |
|
|
Unemployed |
2,821 (64.5) |
1,115 (64.1) |
|
2,116 (78.9) |
1,257 (84.6) |
|
|
Living status |
|
|
1.83 (0.177) |
|
|
1.77 (0.184) |
|
Alone |
784 (17.9) |
286 (16.4) |
|
869 (32.4) |
451 (30.3) |
|
|
Not alone |
3,588 (82.1) |
1,454 (83.6) |
|
1,813 (67.6) |
1,035 (69.7) |
|
|
Residential location |
|
|
27.68 (< 0.001) |
|
|
21.81 (< 0.001) |
|
Urban |
3,569 (81.6) |
1,315 (75.6) |
|
1,987 (74.1) |
999 (67.2) |
|
|
Rural |
803 (18.4) |
424 (24.4) |
|
695 (25.9) |
487 (32.8) |
|
|
Number of comorbid diseases |
|
|
−1.626 (0.104) |
|
|
0.163 (0.870) |
|
Smoking |
|
|
0.05 (0.833) |
|
|
0.40 (0.525) |
|
Yes |
605 (13.8) |
245 (14.1) |
|
232 (8.7) |
138 (9.3) |
|
|
No |
3,766 (86.2) |
1,494 (85.9) |
|
2,450 (91.3) |
1,348 (90.7) |
|
|
Alcohol consumption |
|
|
0.41 (0.521) |
|
|
6.63 (0.010) |
|
Yes |
1,447 (33.1) |
560 (32.2) |
|
569 (21.2) |
265 (17.8) |
|
|
No |
2,925 (66.9) |
1,179 (67.8) |
|
2,113 (78.8) |
1,221 (82.2) |
|
|
Body mass index |
|
|
2.57 (0.109) |
|
|
5.29 (0.021) |
|
Normal |
1,696 (38.9) |
715 (41.2) |
|
1,366 (51.0) |
814 (54.8) |
|
|
Overweight or obese |
2,664 (61.1) |
1,022 (58.8) |
|
1,312 (49.0) |
672 (45.2) |
|
|
Depressive symptoms |
|
|
24.38 (< 0.001) |
|
|
63.71 (< 0.001) |
|
Yes |
1,116 (25.6) |
554 (31.9) |
|
989 (36.9) |
737 (49.7) |
|
|
No |
3,245 (74.4) |
1,184 (68.1) |
|
1,690 (63.1) |
746 (50.3) |
|
|
Hearing difficulties |
|
|
28.74 (< 0.001) |
|
|
58.81 (< 0.001) |
|
Yes |
673 (15.4) |
368 (21.1) |
|
845 (31.5) |
645 (43.4) |
|
|
No |
3,698 (84.6) |
1,372 (78.9) |
|
1,838 (68.5) |
840 (56.6) |
|
|
Visual difficulties |
|
|
6.69 (0.010) |
|
|
33.54 (< 0.001) |
|
Yes |
1,464 (33.5) |
644 (37.0) |
|
1,163 (43.4) |
784 (52.8) |
|
|
No |
2,908 (66.5) |
1,096 (63.0) |
|
1,519 (56.6) |
702 (47.2) |
|
Table 4Effects of leisure activities on cognitive function among elderly Korean individuals
Variable |
Young-old group |
Old-old group |
|
|
OR (95% CI) |
p-value |
OR (95% CI) |
p-value |
Non-exercise physical activities |
|
No |
1.16 (1.03–1.31) |
0.015 |
1.05 (0.90–1.23) |
0.519 |
|
Cognitive activities |
|
No |
1.21 (1.05–1.41) |
0.009 |
1.47 (1.25–1.73) |
< 0.001 |
|
Occupational status |
|
Not employed |
1.03 (0.91–1.17) |
0.631 |
1.47 (1.23–1.76) |
< 0.001 |
|
Residential location |
|
Rural |
1.42 (1.24–1.64) |
< 0.001 |
1.45 (1.25–1.68) |
< 0.001 |
|
Number of comorbid diseases |
0.99 (0.96–1.03) |
0.916 |
1.04 (1.01–1.08) |
0.027 |
|
Smoking |
|
Yes |
0.99 (0.84–1.17) |
0.876 |
1.10 (0.87–1.39) |
0.427 |
|
Alcohol consumption |
|
Yes |
1.01 (0.89–1.14) |
0.925 |
0.89 (0.75–1.06) |
0.183 |
|
Body mass index |
|
Overweight or obese |
0.92 (0.82–1.03) |
0.148 |
0.94 (0.82–1.07) |
0.325 |
|
Depressive symptoms |
|
Yes |
1.28 (1.12–1.46) |
< 0.001 |
1.48 (1.29–1.69) |
< 0.001 |
|
Hearing difficulties |
|
Yes |
1.41 (1.23–1.63) |
< 0.001 |
1.46 (1.27–1.68) |
< 0.001 |
|
Visual difficulties |
|
Yes |
1.06 (0.94–1.19) |
0.353 |
1.22 (1.06–1.40) |
0.005 |